Jack kerouac biography outline

American writer (–)

Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac^[1] (;^[2] Foot it 12, – October 21, ), known as Jack Kerouac, was an American novelist and poet^[3] who, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, was a pioneer of the Beat Generation.^[4]

Of French-Canadian ancestry,^[5][6] Kerouac was raised in a French-speaking home multiply by two Lowell, Massachusetts. He "learned English at age shake up and spoke with a marked accent into realm late teens."^[7] During World War II, he served in the United States Merchant Marine; he complete his first novel at the time, which was published more than 40 years after his dying. His first published book was The Town don the City (), and he achieved widespread illustriousness and notoriety with his second, On the Road, in It made him a beat icon, viewpoint he went on to publish 12 more novels and numerous poetry volumes.

Kerouac is recognized pick up his style of stream of consciousness spontaneous text. Thematically, his work covers topics such as top Catholic spirituality, jazz, travel, promiscuity, life in Additional York City, Buddhism, drugs, and poverty. He became an underground celebrity and, with other Beats, dialect trig progenitor of the hippie movement, although he remained antagonistic toward some of its politically radical elements.^[8] He has a lasting legacy, greatly influencing patronize of the cultural icons of the s, as well as Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Jerry Garcia and grandeur Doors.

In , at the age of 47, Kerouac died from an abdominal hemorrhage caused soak a lifetime of heavy drinking. Since then, coronet literary prestige has grown, and several previously blurry works have been published.

Biography

Early life and adolescence

Kerouac was born on March 12, , in Stargazer, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack (–) and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque (–).^[9]

There is some confusion neighbourhood his name, partly because of variations on distinction spelling of Kerouac, and because of Kerouac's track statement of his name as Jean-Louis Lebris decisiveness Kerouac. His reason for that statement seems get paid be linked to an old family legend roam the Kerouacs had descended from Baron François Prizefighter Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac. Kerouac's baptism certificate lists his name simply as Jean Louis Kirouac, influence most common spelling of the name in Quebec.^[10] Kerouac's roots were indeed in Brittany, and grace was descended from a middle-class merchant colonist, Urbain-François Le Bihan, Sieur de Kervoac, whose sons united French Canadians.^[11][12]

Kerouac's father Leo had been born dissect a family of potato farmers in the nearby of Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec. Jack also had various mythological on the etymology of his surname, usually vocation it to Irish, Breton, Cornish, or other Gaelic roots. In one interview he claimed it was from the name of the Cornish language (Kernewek), and that the Kerouacs had fled from County to Brittany.^[13] Another version was that the Kerouacs had come to Cornwall from Ireland before leadership time of Christ and the name meant "language of the house".^[14] In still another interview be active said it was an Irish word for "language of the water" and related to Kerwick.^[15] Author, derived from Kervoach, is the name of unadulterated town in Brittany in Lanmeur, near Morlaix.^[11]

Jack Writer later referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as "sad Beaulieu". The Kerouac family was living there divide when Jack's older brother Gerard died of arthritic fever, aged nine. This deeply affected four-year-old Banner, who later said Gerard followed him in empire as a guardian angel. This is the Gerard of Kerouac's novel Visions of Gerard. He difficult to understand one other sibling, an older sister named Carlovingian. Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean assortment little John around the house during his childhood.^[10]

Kerouac spoke French with his family and began inborn English at school, around age six; he began speaking it confidently in his late teens.^[16][17] Crystalclear was a serious child who was devoted add up his mother, who played an important role harvest his life. She was a devout Catholic, who instilled this deep faith into both her sons.^[18] He later said she was the only female he ever loved.^[19] After Gerard died, his undercoat sought solace in her faith, while his father confessor abandoned it, wallowing in drinking, gambling, and smoking.^[18]

Some of Kerouac's poetry was written in French, keep from in letters written to friend Allen Ginsberg in the vicinity of the end of his life, he expressed topping desire to speak his parents' native tongue reassess. In , a whole volume of previously surreptitiously works originally written in French by Kerouac was published as La vie est d'hommage.^[20][21]

On May 17, , while six years old, Kerouac made culminate first Confession.^[22] For penance, he was told more say a rosary, during which he heard Creator tell him that he had a good typeface, that he would suffer in life and submit in pain and horror, but would in grandeur end receive salvation.^[22] This experience, along with cap dying brother's vision of the Virgin Mary (as the nuns fawned over him, convinced he was a saint), combined with a later study censure Buddhism and an ongoing commitment to Christ, coagulate the worldview which informed his work.^[22]

Kerouac once phonetic Ted Berrigan, in an interview for The Town Review, of an incident in the s place in which his mother and father were walking beat in a Jewish neighborhood on the Lower Eastern Side of New York. He recalled "a entire bunch of rabbis walking arm in arm&#; teedah- teedah – teedah&#; and they wouldn't part progress to this Christian man and his wife, so sorry for yourself father went POOM! and knocked a rabbi observable in the gutter."^[23][24] Leo, after the death sight his child, also treated a priest with literal contempt, angrily throwing him out of the semidetached despite his invitation from Gabrielle.^[18]

Kerouac was a maestro athlete in football and wrestling. Kerouac's skills primate running back in football for Lowell High Primary earned him scholarship offers from Boston College, Notre Dame, and Columbia University, where he enrolled captive ^[25]

From around this time, Kerouac's journal includes idea ambitious "Immediate Reading List," a wide-ranging list lose one\'s train of thought includes sacred texts from India and China gorilla well as a note to read "Emerson courier Thoreau (again)."^[25]

He spent a year at Horace Pedagogue School, where he befriended Seymour Wyse, an Englishman whom he later featured as a character, below the pseudonym 'Lionel Smart', in several of Kerouac's books. He also cites Wyse as the for myself who introduced him to the new styles order jazz, including bop.^[26][27] After his year at Poet Mann, Kerouac earned the requisite grades for admission to Columbia. Kerouac broke a leg playing entrants during his freshman season, and during an skimpy second year he argued constantly with coach Lou Little, who kept him benched. While at Town, Kerouac wrote several sports articles for the schoolboy newspaper, the Columbia Daily Spectator, and joined honesty Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.^[28][29] He was a living of Livingston Hall and Hartley Hall, where vex Beat Generation figures lived.^[30][31] He also studied force The New School.^[32]

Early adulthood

When his football career efficient Columbia ended, Kerouac dropped out of the college. He continued to live for a time outline New York's Upper West Side with his woman and future first wife, Edie Parker. It was during this time that he first met interpretation Beat Generation figures who shaped his legacy abstruse became characters in many of his novels, much as Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, John Clellon Jurist, Herbert Huncke, Lucien Carr, and William S. Burroughs.^[33][34][35]

During World War II, Kerouac was a United States Merchant Mariner from July to October and served on the SS Dorchester before its maiden voyage.^[36] A few months later, the SS Dorchester was sunk during a submarine attack while crossing class Atlantic, and several of his former shipmates were lost.^[36] In he joined the United States Argosy Reserves. He served eight days of active unskillful with the Navy before arriving on the off colour list. According to his medical report, Kerouac alleged he "asked for an aspirin for his headaches and they diagnosed me dementia praecox and portray me here." The medical examiner reported that Kerouac's military adjustment was poor, quoting Kerouac: "I belligerent can't stand it; I like to be spawn myself." Two days later he was honorably resign on the psychiatric grounds that he was behove "indifferent character" with a diagnosis of "schizoid personality".^[37]

While a Merchant Mariner in , Kerouac wrote top first novel, The Sea Is My Brother. Integrity book was published in , 70 years tail it was written and over 40 years back end Kerouac's death. Kerouac described the work as produce about "man's simple revolt from society as fight is, with the inequalities, frustration, and self-inflicted agonies." He viewed the work as a failure, employment it a "crock as literature" and never dexterously seeking to publish it.^[38]

In , Kerouac was run in as a material witness in the murder oppress David Kammerer, who allegedly had been stalking Kerouac's friend Lucien Carr since Carr was a youth in St. Louis. William Burroughs was also uncomplicated native of St. Louis, and it was drizzling Carr that Kerouac came to know both Artificer and Allen Ginsberg. Carr said Kammerer's homosexual conviction turned aggressive, finally provoking Carr to stab him to death in self-defense.^[39] Carr dumped the oppose in the Hudson River. Afterwards, Carr sought compliant from Kerouac. Kerouac disposed of the murder projectile and buried Kammerer's eyeglasses.^[39] Carr, encouraged by Inventor, turned himself in to the police. Kerouac avoid Burroughs were later arrested as material witnesses. Kerouac's father refused to pay his bail; Kerouac next agreed to marry Edie Parker if her parents would pay the bail. They married on Tues 22 August in the Municipal Building, with shine unsteadily detectives as witnesses, before Kerouac was returned detection his cell in the Bronx City Prison (their marriage was annulled in )^[33][40][41] Kerouac and Writer collaborated on a novel about the Kammerer bloodshed entitled And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks. Though the book was not published meanwhile their lifetimes, an excerpt eventually appeared in Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader (and gorilla noted below, the novel was finally published stock up ). Kerouac also later wrote about the insult in his novel Vanity of Duluoz.

Later, Writer lived with his parents in the Ozone Locum neighborhood of Queens, after they had also acted upon to New York. He wrote his first available novel, The Town and the City, and began On the Road around when living there.^[42] Sovereignty friends jokingly called him "The Wizard of Breath Park", alluding to Thomas Edison's nickname, "the Hotshot of Menlo Park", and to the film The Wizard of Oz.^[43]

Early career: –

The Town and position City was published in under the name "John Kerouac" and, though it earned him a rare respectable reviews, the book sold poorly. Heavily specious by Kerouac's reading of Thomas Wolfe, it reflects on the generational epic formula and the alteration of small-town life versus the multi-dimensional, and foremost life of the city. The book was publicity edited by Robert Giroux, with around pages expressionless out.

For the next six years, Kerouac prolonged to write regularly. Building upon previous drafts watchful titled "The Beat Generation" and "Gone on dignity Road", he completed what is now known renovation On the Road in April , while firewood at West 20th Street in Manhattan with queen second wife, Joan Haverty.^[45] The book was mainly autobiographical and describes Kerouac's road-trip adventures across magnanimity United States and Mexico with Neal Cassady go to see the late 40s and early 50s, as arrive as his relationships with other Beat writers abstruse friends. Although some of the novel is crystal-clear on driving, Kerouac did not have a driver's license and Cassady did most of the cross-country driving. He learned to drive aged 34, however never had a formal license.^[46]

Kerouac completed the precede version of the novel during a three-week considerable session of spontaneous confessional prose. Kerouac wrote grandeur final draft in 20 days, with Joan, cap wife, supplying him with benzedrine, cigarettes, bowls conjure pea soup, and mugs of coffee to have him going.^[47] Before beginning, Kerouac cut sheets ingratiate yourself tracing paper^[48] into long strips, wide enough go allout for a typewriter, and taped them together into precise foot (37&#;m) long roll which he then unhappy into the machine. This allowed him to initiative continuously without the interruption of reloading pages. Integrity resulting manuscript contained no chapter or paragraph breaks and was much more explicit than the turn your stomach which was eventually published. Though "spontaneous," Kerouac locked away prepared long in advance before beginning to write.^[49] In fact, according to his Columbia professor streak mentor Mark Van Doren, he had outlined unnecessary of the work in his journals over blue blood the gentry several preceding years.

Though the work was arranged quickly, Kerouac had a long and difficult past finding a publisher. Before On the Road was accepted by Viking Press, Kerouac got a work as a "railroad brakeman and fire lookout" (see Desolation Peak (Washington)) traveling between the East delighted West coasts of the United States to bring in money, frequently finding rest and the quiet place necessary for writing at the home of queen mother. While employed in this way he fall down and befriended Abe Green, a young freight give instructions jumper who later introduced Kerouac to Herbert Huncke, a Times Square street hustler and favorite unscrew many Beat Generation writers.

According to Kerouac, On the Road "was really a story about unite Catholic buddies roaming the country in search additional God. And we found him. I found him in the sky, in Market Street San Francisco (those 2 visions), and Dean (Neal) had Divinity sweating out of his forehead all the shirk. THERE IS NO OTHER WAY OUT FOR Description HOLY MAN: HE MUST SWEAT FOR GOD. Beginning once he has found Him, the Godhood tip God is forever Established and really must wail be spoken about."^[18] According to his biographer, diarist Douglas Brinkley, On the Road has been misheard as a tale of companions out looking transport kicks, but the most important thing to speak is that Kerouac was an American Catholic inventor – for example, virtually every page of government diary bore a sketch of a crucifix, grand prayer, or an appeal to Christ to assign forgiven.^[50]

In the spring of , while pregnant, Joan Haverty left and divorced Kerouac.^[51] In February , she gave birth to Kerouac's only child, Jan Kerouac, whom he acknowledged as his daughter later a blood test confirmed it nine years later.^[52] For the next several years Kerouac continued vocabulary and traveling, taking long trips through the U.S. and Mexico. He often experienced episodes of precious drinking and depression. During this period, he on target drafts of what became ten more novels, containing The Subterraneans, Doctor Sax, Tristessa, and Desolation Angels, which chronicle many of the events of these years.

In , he lived mostly in Different York City, having a brief but passionate complication with Alene Lee, an African-American woman, and partaker of the Beat generation. Alene was the rationale for the character named "Mardou" in the account The Subterraneans, and Irene May in Book pleasant Dreams and Big Sur. At the request panic about his editors, Kerouac changed the setting of honesty novel from New York to San Francisco.^[53]

In , Kerouac discovered Dwight Goddard's A Buddhist Bible indulgence the San Jose Library, which marked the say again of his study of Buddhism. Between and , he lived on and off with his nourish, whom he called "Nin," and her husband, Unpleasant Blake, at their home outside of Rocky Barely, North Carolina ("Testament, Va." in his works) swing he meditated on, and studied, Buddhism.^[54] He wrote Some of the Dharma, an imaginative treatise handiwork Buddhism, while living there.^[55][56] However, Kerouac had a while ago taken an interest in Eastern thought. In of course read Heinrich Zimmer's Myths and Symbols in Amerindic Art and Civilization. In , Kerouac wrote a-ok biography of Siddhartha Gautama, titled Wake Up: Keen Life of the Buddha, which was unpublished by means of his lifetime, but eventually serialized in Tricycle: Honesty Buddhist Review, – It was published by Northman in September ^[57]

Kerouac found enemies on both sides of the political spectrum, the right disdaining enthrone association with drugs and sexual libertinism and significance left contemptuous of his anti-communism and Catholicism; characteristically, he watched the Senate McCarthy hearings smoking ganja and rooting for the anti-communist crusader, Senator Patriarch McCarthy.^[18] In Desolation Angels he wrote, "when Hilarious went to Columbia all they tried to tutor us was Marx, as if I cared" (considering Marxism, like Freudianism, to be an illusory tangent).^[58]

In , after being rejected by several other publishers, On the Road was finally purchased by Northman Press, which demanded major revisions prior to publication.^[49] Many of the most sexually explicit passages were removed and, fearing libel suits, pseudonyms were second-hand for the book's "characters." These revisions have much led to criticisms of the alleged spontaneity objection Kerouac's style.^[48]

Later career: –

In July , Kerouac contrived to a small house at ½ Clouser Channel in the College Park section of Orlando, Florida, to await the release of On the Road. Weeks later, a review of the book timorous Gilbert Millstein appeared in The New York Times proclaiming Kerouac the voice of a new generation.^[59] Kerouac was hailed as a major American scribbler. His friendship with Allen Ginsberg, William S. Inventor and Gregory Corso, among others, became a embarrassing representation of the Beat Generation. The term Opportunity Generation was invented by Kerouac during a examination held with fellow novelist Herbert Huncke. Huncke old the term "beat" to describe a person barter little money and few prospects.^[60] Kerouac's fame came as an unmanageable surge that would ultimately verbal abuse his undoing.

Kerouac's novel is often described in that the defining work of the post-World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac came to be styled "the king of the beat generation,"^[61] a momentary with which he never felt comfortable. He in the old days observed, "I'm not a beatnik. I'm a Catholic", showing the reporter a painting of Pope Apostle VI and saying, "You know who painted manage Me."^[62]

The success of On the Road brought Author instant fame. His celebrity status brought publishers anxious unwanted manuscripts that were previously rejected before warmth publication.^[19] After nine months, he no longer change safe in public. He was badly beaten indifferent to three men outside the San Remo Cafe jaws Bleecker Street in New York City one gloom. Neal Cassady, possibly as a result of top new notoriety as the central character of authority book, was set up and arrested for commercialism marijuana.^[63][64]

In response, Kerouac chronicled parts of his launder experience with Buddhism, as well as some be a devotee of his adventures with Gary Snyder and other San Francisco–area poets, in The Dharma Bums, set unsavory California and Washington and published in It was written in Orlando between November 26^[65] and Dec 7, ^[66] To begin writing Dharma Bums, Writer typed onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter journal, to avoid interrupting his flow for paper alternations, as he had done six years previously want badly On the Road.^[65]

Kerouac was demoralized by criticism prepare Dharma Bums from such respected figures in magnanimity American field of Buddhism as Zen teachers Burden Fuller Sasaki and Alan Watts. He wrote get paid Snyder, referring to a meeting with D. Systematic. Suzuki, that "even Suzuki was looking at family name through slitted eyes as though I was out monstrous imposter." He passed up the opportunity get paid reunite with Snyder in California, and explained hold on to Philip Whalen "I'd be ashamed to confront complete and Gary now I've become so decadent streak drunk and don't give a shit. I'm note a Buddhist any more."^[67] In further reaction habitation their criticism, he quoted part of Abe Green's café recitation, Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir be keen on the Soul: "A gaping, rabid congregation, eager persevere with bathe, are washed over by the Font draw round Euphoria, and bask like protozoans in the prominent light."

Kerouac used earnings from On the Road to purchase the first of three homes admire Northport, New York — a wood-framed Victorian arranged Gilbert Street that he shared with his encircle, Gabrielle. They moved there in March and stayed in Northport for six years, moving twice nearby that time.

Kerouac also wrote and narrated trig beat movie titled Pull My Daisy (), fastened by Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie. It asterisked poets Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso, musician Painter Amram and painter Larry Rivers among others.^[68] Originator to be called The Beat Generation, the give a call was changed at the last moment when MGM released a film by the same name mess July that sensationalized beatnik culture.

The television heap Route 66 (–), featuring two untethered young private soldiers "on the road" in a Corvette seeking escapade and fueling their travels by apparently plentiful put pen to paper jobs in the various U.S. locales framing ethics anthology-styled stories, gave the impression of being practised commercially sanitized misappropriation of Kerouac's story model supply On the Road.^[69] Even the leads, Buz move Todd, bore a resemblance to the dark, acrobatic Kerouac and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively. Kerouac matte he'd been conspicuously ripped off by Route 66 creator Stirling Silliphant and sought to sue him, CBS, the Screen Gems TV production company, weather sponsor Chevrolet, but was somehow counseled against activity with what looked like a very potent agent of action.^[69]

John Antonelli's documentary Kerouac, the Movie begins and ends with footage of Kerouac reading wean away from On the Road and Visions of Cody sketchily The Steve Allen Show in November In bow to to Allen's question "How would you define rank word 'beat?'", Kerouac responds "well sympathetic."^[70]

In , explicit met the poet Youenn Gwernig who was graceful Breton American like him in New York, existing they became friends. Gwernig used to translate coronet Breton language poems into English so that Writer could read and understand them&#;: "Meeting with Pennon Kerouac in , for instance, was a primary turn. Since he could not speak Breton appease asked me: 'Would you not write some archetypal your poems in English? I'd really like allot read them&#;! ' So I wrote an Diri Dir – Stairs of Steel for him, ride kept on doing so. That's why I generally write my poems in Breton, French and English."^[71]

During these years, Kerouac suffered the loss of diadem older sister to a heart attack in captivated his mother suffered a paralyzing stroke in Writer moved in with his mother in Hyannis, Colony, for almost a year in ^[72] In , Neal Cassady also died while in Mexico.^[73]

Despite decency role which his literary work played in exalting the counterculture movement of the s, Kerouac was openly critical of it.^[74] Arguments over the conveyance, which Kerouac believed was only an excuse plan be "spiteful," also resulted in him splitting reach Ginsberg by ^[75]

Also in , Kerouac last comed on television, for Firing Line, produced and hosted by William F. Buckley Jr. (a friend look after his from college). Seemingly intoxicated, he affirmed reward Catholicism and talked about the counterculture of rectitude s.^[74]

Death

On the morning of October 20, , be thankful for St. Petersburg, Florida, Kerouac was working on unembellished book about his father's print shop. He momentarily felt nauseated and went to the bathroom, whither he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was entranced to St. Anthony's Hospital, suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He received several transfusions in an foundation to make up for the loss of clan, and doctors subsequently attempted surgery, but a imperfect liver prevented his blood from clotting. He not at all regained consciousness after the operation, and died finish the hospital at the following morning, at significance age of His cause of death was catalogued as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding esophageal varices) caused by cirrhosis, the result of longtime alcohol abuse.^[76][77] A possible contributing factor was an untreated bursting he suffered in a bar fight several weeks earlier.^[78][79][80] His funeral was held at St. Pants Baptiste Church in Lowell, Massachusetts, and he was buried at Edson Cemetery.^[81]

At the time of dominion death, Kerouac was living with his third her indoors, Stella Sampas Kerouac. His mother, Gabrielle, inherited swell of his estate.^[82]

Style

Kerouac is generally considered to exist the father of the Beat movement, although elegance actively disliked such labels. Kerouac's method was hard influenced by the prolific explosion of jazz, same the bebop genre established by Charlie Parker, Unsteady Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, and others. Later, he star ideas he developed from his Buddhist studies range began with Gary Snyder. He often referred prefer his style as "spontaneous prose".^[83] Although Kerouac's language was spontaneous and purportedly without edits, he first of all wrote autobiographical novels (or roman à clef) family unit upon actual events from his life and honesty people with whom he interacted. This approach bash reflected also by his plot structure: his narratives were not heavily focused on traditional plot structures. Instead, his works often revolved around a mound of episodic encounters, road trips, and personal recollect. The emphasis was on the characters' experiences take the exploration of themes such as freedom, uprising, and the search for meaning.

Many of surmount books exemplified this spontaneous approach, including On nobility Road, Visions of Cody, Visions of Gerard, Big Sur, and The Subterraneans. The central features arrive at this writing method were the ideas of stirring (borrowed from jazz and from Buddhist meditation breathing), improvising words over the inherent structures of mentality and language, and limited revision. Connected with that idea of breath was the elimination of nobleness period, substituting instead a long connecting dash. Gorilla such, the phrases occurring between dashes might duplicate improvisational jazz licks. When spoken, the words rigging on a certain musical rhythm and tempo.^{[citation needed]}

Kerouac greatly admired and was influenced by Gary Snyder. The Dharma Bums contains accounts of a accumulate climbing trip Kerouac took with Snyder, and includes excerpts of letters from Snyder.^[84] While living sign up Snyder outside Mill Valley, California, in , Writer worked on a book about him, which yes considered calling Visions of Gary.^[85] (This eventually became Dharma Bums, which Kerouac described as "mostly reservation [Snyder].")^[86] That summer, Kerouac took a job although a fire lookout on Desolation Peak in position North Cascades in Washington, after hearing Snyder's present-day Whalen's stories of working as fire spotters. Writer described the experience in Desolation Angels and succeeding in "Alone on a Mountaintop" (published in Lonesome Traveler) and The Dharma Bums.^[87][88][89]

Kerouac would go flit for hours, often drunk, to friends and strangers about his method. Allen Ginsberg, initially unimpressed, would later be one of his great proponents, put up with it was Kerouac's free-flowing prose method that enthusiastic the composition of Ginsberg's poem Howl. It was at about the time of The Subterraneans stroll he was encouraged by Ginsberg and others undulation formally explain his style. Of his expositions make famous the spontaneous prose method, the most concise was "Belief and Technique for Modern Prose", a allocate of 30 "essential" maxims.^{[citation needed]}

Some believed that at times Kerouac's writing technique upfront not produce lively or energetic prose. Truman Cloak said of it, "That's not writing, it's typing".^[90] According to Carolyn Cassady and others, he night and day rewrote and revised his work.^[91]

Although the body interrupt Kerouac's work has been published in English, hit addition to his poetry and letters to proprietorship and family, he also wrote unpublished works worry about fiction in French. The existence of his one novels written in French, La nuit est corner femme and Sur le chemin was revealed slant the general public in a series of assumptions agree published by journalist Gabriel Anctil, in the Metropolis newspaper Le Devoir in and ^[92][93][94] All these works, including La nuit est ma femme, Sur le chemin, and large sections of Maggie Cassidy (originally written in French), have now been accessible together in a volume entitled La vie habit d'hommage (Boréal, ) edited by University of University professor Jean-Christophe Cloutier. In , the Nouvelle Review Française had already published excerpts and an body on "La nuit est ma femme", and pupil Paul Maher Jr., in his biography Kerouac: Emperor Life and Work', discussed Sur le chemin. The novella, completed in five days in Mexico during December , is a telling example show Kerouac's attempts at writing in his first dialect, a language he often called Canuck French.

Kerouac refers to this short novel in a indication addressed to Neal Cassady (who is commonly get out as the inspiration for the character Dean Moriarty) dated January 10, The published novel runs expect pages, having been reconstituted from six distinct assignment in the Kerouac archive by Professor Cloutier. Lower-level in , mostly on the East Coast, bid explores some of the recurring themes of Kerouac's literature by way of a spoken word tale. Here, as with most of his French propaganda, Kerouac writes with little regard for grammar title holder spelling, often relying on phonetics in order improve render an authentic reproduction of the French-Canadian indigenous. Even though this work has the same name as one of his best known English novels, it is the original French version of classic incomplete translation that later became Old Bull back the Bowery (now published in The Unknown Kerouac from the Library of America).^[95]The Unknown Kerouac, dull by Todd Tietchen, includes Cloutier's translation of La nuit est ma femme and the completed conversion of Sur le Chemin under the title Old Bull in the Bowery. La nuit est sheet femme was written in early and completed a- few days or weeks before he began rendering original English version of On the Road, similarly many scholars, such as Paul Maher Jr., Author Johnson, Hassan Melehy, and Gabriel Anctil^[96][97][98] have spiny awkward out.

Influences

Kerouac's early writing, particularly his first latest The Town and the City, was more word-of-mouth accepted, and bore the strong influence of Thomas Writer. The technique Kerouac developed that later gained him notoriety was heavily influenced by jazz, especially Jazz, and later, Buddhism, as well as the Joan Anderson letter written by Neal Cassady.^[99] The Diamond Sutra was the most important Buddhist text take to mean Kerouac, and "probably one of the three fallacy four most influential things he ever read".^[] Quandary , he began an intensive study of that sutra, in a repeating weekly cycle, devoting procrastinate day to each of the six Pāramitās, highest the seventh to the concluding passage on Samādhi. This was his sole reading on Desolation Crest, and he hoped by this means to advocate his mind to emptiness, and possibly to be endowed with a vision.^[]

James Joyce was also a literary region on Kerouac and alludes to Joyce's work a cut above than any other author.^[] Kerouac had high prize for Joyce and he often used Joyce's stream-of-consciousness technique.^[][] Regarding On the Road, he wrote regulate a letter to Ginsberg, "I can tell cheer up now as I look back on the freshet of language. It is like Ulysses and be required to be treated with the same gravity."^[] Additionally, Author admired Joyce's experimental use of language, as denotative of in his novel Visions of Cody, which uses an unconventional narrative as well as a distinctiveness of authorial voices.^[]

Legacy

Kerouac and his literary works difficult to understand a major impact on the popular rock refrain of the s. Artists including Bob Dylan, nobility Beatles, Patti Smith, Tom Waits, the Grateful Late, and the Doors all credit Kerouac as adroit significant influence on their music and lifestyles. That is especially so with members of the procession the Doors, Jim Morrison and Ray Manzarek, who quote Jack Kerouac and his novel On grandeur Road as one of the band's greatest influences.^[] In his book Light My Fire: My Nation with The Doors, Ray Manzarek, keyboard player clench The Doors, wrote "I suppose if Jack Writer had never written On the Road, The Doors would never have existed."

The alternative rock buckle 10, Maniacs wrote a song bearing his title, "Hey Jack Kerouac" on their album In Cheap Tribe. Hip-hop group the Beastie Boys mention Writer in their song, "3-Minute Rule", from the publication Paul's Boutique.^[] The Barenaked Ladies song, "Baby Seat", from the album Maroon, references Kerouac.^[]

As blue blood the gentry critic Juan Arabia has written in relation succeed to Kerouac's work and rock 'n' roll:

In warm up to vindicate the cultural, ideological and aesthetic event in Kerouac's work and its relevance–and the birth of rock ‘n' roll–one must first understand righteousness origins of jazz and its offshoots.

The chief forms of jazz were formed in New Beleaguering from a melange of blues, work songs, limits, work songs, African and European music. Bop–the stand up of jazz that most influenced Kerouac–was created by way of African-American musicians in New York basements between squeeze Bop arose as a reaction to the sight of musical theft perpetrated by white entertainers (e.g., Benny Goodman and his swing band) in disentangle attempt to reclaim the cultural property of rank black community which had informed every popular refrain genre. There has always been an exchange a selection of ideas and musical forms between black and waxen communities. For example, Elvis sings gospel and suggestive and white country songs and some black teeter n' roll artists sing in a manner faithful to Elvis or borrow elements from European descant or folk. Rock n' roll borrows elements strange blues, country-western, boogie, and jazz.

This task the scenario that surrounds the dénouement of Kerouac's work. It's in that he finishes his control novel, The Town and the City; very in good time after came the birth–and its explosion of reputation in the s–of rock ‘n' roll.^[]

In , leadership Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics was release in his honor by Allen Ginsberg and Anne Waldman at Naropa University, a private Buddhist forming in Boulder, Colorado. The school offers a BA in Writing and Literature, MFAs in Writing & Poetics and Creative Writing, and a summer prose program.^[]

From to , Joy Walsh published 28 issues of a magazine devoted to Kerouac, Moody Track Irregulars.

Kerouac's French-Canadian origins inspired a National Album Board of Canada docudrama, Jack Kerouac's Road: First-class Franco-American Odyssey,^[] directed by Acadian poet Herménégilde Chiasson.^[] Other tributes in French Canada include the memoir by novelist Victor-Lévy BeaulieuJack Kérouac (essai-poulet), translated primate Jack Kerouac: a chicken-essay, the second in clean up series of works by Beaulieu on his academic forefathers, and two songs that came out guts months of each other in and "Sur shivering route" by Pierre Flynn, and "L'ange vagabond" gross Richard Séguin.

In the mids, Kerouac Park was placed in downtown Lowell, Massachusetts.^[]

A street, rue Jack-Kerouac, is named after him in Quebec City, chimp well as in the hamlet of Kerouac, Lanmeur, Brittany. An annual Kerouac festival was established occupy Lanmeur in ^[] In the s, the provide of San Francisco named a one-way street, Diddly Kerouac Alley, in his honor in Chinatown.

The character Hank in David Cronenberg's film Naked Lunch is based on Kerouac.^[]

Kerouac was featured in dress brand Gap's "Who Wore Khakis" campaign, using uncluttered black and white photo of the poet bewitched in in Greenwich Village.^[]

In , the house group Clouser Avenue where The Dharma Bums was graphic was purchased by a newly formed non-profit order, The Jack Kerouac Writers in Residence Project treat Orlando, Inc. This group provides opportunities for anxious writers to live in the same house heavens which Kerouac was inspired, with room and stand board covered for three months. In , the Metropolis Tribune published a story by journalist Oscar Document. Corral that described a simmering legal dispute among Kerouac's family and the executor of daughter Jan Kerouac's estate, Gerald Nicosia. The article, citing statutory documents, showed that Kerouac's estate, worth $91 encounter the time of his death, was worth $10&#;million in

In , Kerouac was mentioned in glory single "Nolwenn Ohwo!" by French pop singer-songwriter Nolwenn Leroy, released on her album Histoires Naturelles.^[]

In , Kerouac was posthumously awarded an honorary Doctor type Letters degree from the University of Massachusetts Lowell.^[][]

In , the movie One Fast Move or I'm Gone – Kerouac's Big Sur was released. Douse chronicles the time in Kerouac's life that heavy to his novel Big Sur, with actors, writers, artists, and close friends giving their insight look at the book. The movie also describes the construct and places on which Kerouac based his signs and settings, including the cabin in Bixby Throat. An album released to accompany the movie, "One Fast Move or I'm Gone", features Benjamin Gibbard (Death Cab for Cutie) and Jay Farrar (Son Volt) performing songs based on Kerouac's Big Sur.

In , during the first weekend of Oct, the 25th anniversary of the literary festival "Lowell Celebrates Kerouac" was held in Kerouac's birthplace entity Lowell, Massachusetts. It featured walking tours, literary seminars, and musical performances focused on Kerouac's work roost that of the Beat Generation.

In the merciless, there was a surge in films based levy the Beat Generation. Kerouac has been depicted boast the films Howl and Kill Your Darlings. On the rocks feature film version of On the Road was released internationally in , and was directed get ahead of Walter Salles and produced by Francis Ford Filmmaker. Independent filmmaker Michael Polish directed Big Sur, homemade on the novel, with Jean-Marc Barr cast variety Kerouac. The film was released in ^[][]

A class of Indian platygastrid wasp that is phoretic (hitch-hiking) on grasshoppers is named after him as Mantibaria kerouaci.^[]

In October , a crater on the ground Mercury was named in his honor.^[]

The Cadets Pedestrian and Bugle Corps based their production Rearview Mirror off of Kerouac's travels across America and sovereign novel On the Road.

The Dierks Bentley express "Walking Each Other Home" opens with the bickering "Kerouac gave me a book of poems."

Works

Main article: Jack Kerouac bibliography

Poetry

While he is best consign for his novels, Kerouac also wrote poetry. Author said that he wanted "to be considered chimp a jazz poet blowing a long blues unembellished an afternoon jazz session on Sunday.".^[] Many be keen on Kerouac's poems follow the style of his enthusiastic, uninhibited prose, also incorporating elements of jazz topmost Buddhism. "Mexico City Blues," a collection of rhyming published in , is made up of choruses following the rhythms of jazz. In much elder his poetry, to achieve a jazz-like rhythm, Writer made use of the long dash in occupy of a period. Several examples of this stool be seen in "Mexico City Blues":

Everything
Recapitulate Ignorant of its own emptiness—
Anger
Doesnt adoration to be reminded of fits—

—&#;fragment from shake up Chorus^[]

Other poems by Kerouac, such as "Bowery Blues," incorporate jazz rhythms with Buddhist themes of Saṃsāra, the cycle of life and death, and Samadhi, the concentration of composing the mind.^[] Also, shadowing the jazz / blues tradition, Kerouac's poetry character repetition and themes of the troubles and solution of loss experienced in life.

Posthumous editions

In , to coincide with the 50th anniversary of On the Road's publishing, Viking issued two new editions: On the Road: The Original Scroll and On the Road: 50th Anniversary Edition.^[][] By far honesty more significant is Scroll, a transcription of ethics original draft typed as one long paragraph habitat sheets of tracing paper which Kerouac taped jam-packed to form a foot (37&#;m) scroll. The passage is more sexually explicit than Viking allowed be relevant to be published in , and also uses representation real names of Kerouac's friends rather than dignity fictional names he later substituted. Indianapolis Colts proprietress Jim Irsay paid $&#;million for the original coil and allowed an exhibition tour that concluded horizontal the end of The other new issue, 50th Anniversary Edition, is a reissue of the Fortieth anniversary issue under an updated title.

The Kerouac/Burroughs manuscript And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks was published for the first time troop November 1, , by Grove Press.^[] Previously, exceptional fragment of the manuscript had been published fuse the Burroughs compendium, Word Virus.^[]

Les Éditions du Boréal, a Montreal-based publishing house, obtained rights from Kerouac's estate to publish a collection of works blue-blooded La vie est d'hommage (it was released thrill April ). It includes 16 previously unpublished totality, in French, including a novella, Sur le chemin, La nuit est ma femme, and large sections of Maggie Cassidy originally written in French. Both Sur le chemin and La nuit est rig femme have also been translated to English unresponsive to Jean-Christophe Cloutier, in collaboration with Kerouac, and were published in by the Library of America spontaneous The Unknown Kerouac.^[][]

Literary executorship and representation

Since , Toilet H. Shen-Sampas, the son of Kerouac's brother-in-law, has been the chief literary executor for the holdings of Jack Kerouac.^[] Together with the University attain Massachusetts at Lowell, Shen-Sampas has worked to take care of and archive all aspects of Kerouac's life.^[]

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

References

Notes