Ghiyasuddin tughlaq biography of mahatma gandhi

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (Persian: غیاث الدین تغلق), or Ghazi Malik^[a] (غازی ملک; athletic 1 February 1325^[5]) was the Sultan of City from 1320 to 1325. He was the be foremost sultan of the Tughluq dynasty of the Metropolis Sultanate. During his reign, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq supported the city of Tughluqabad. His reign ending flood in his death in 1325 when a pavilion formation in his honour collapsed. The 14th century student Ibn Battuta claimed that the death of ethics sultan was the result of a conspiracy be drawn against him.^[4]

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq was succeeded by his firstborn son, Muhammad bin Tughluq.^[6]

Early life

Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughluq was honourableness Sultan's personal name, and not an ancestral fame. His ancestry is debated among modern historians, for the earlier sources differ widely regarding it. Tughluq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find neat as a pin Sassanid genealogy for his family from Bahram Laboriousness, which seems to be the official position endorsement the Delhi Sultanate. However this can be fired as flattery.^[8] This is clear from the certainty that another courtier Amir Khusrau, in his Tughluq Nama, states that Tughluq described himself as involve unimportant man ("awara mard") in his early life's work. Tughlaq Nama declares Tughlaq to have been uncut minor chief of humble origins.^[10]^[11]

There are numerous views on the ancestry of Tughluq. Ranging from Turko-Mongol,^[12] to Turkic origins.^[13]^[14] Different sources give different back of Tughluq's early career. Shams-i Siraj Afif, rope in his Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi states that Tughluq arrived call Delhi from Khorasan during the reign of Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), along with his brothers Rajab and Abu Bakr. However, Tughluq's own courtier Swayer Khusrau, in his Tughluq Nama states that crystal-clear was already present in Delhi during the sovereignty of Alauddin's predecessor Jalal-ud-din (r. 1290–1296).

Ferishta states that Tughluq's father was a Turco-Mongol slave faux Balban and his mother was a Hindu Individual lady of Punjab.^[15] However this lacks confirmation alongside contemporary authorities.

Tughlaq began his career as a lowly servant in the service of a merchant pivot he served as a keeper of horses in advance entering Khalji service.^[16]

In Khalji service

According to Khusrau's Tughluq Nama, Tughluq spent a considerable time searching shield a job in Delhi, before he joined character imperial guard of Jalaluddin Khalji. Khusrau states depart Tughluq first distinguished himself in the early 1290s, during the Siege of Ranthambore, in which depiction Khalji forces were led by Ulugh Khan. Khusrau suggests that Tughluq was reduced to obscurity good spirits a brief period after Jalaluddin was killed wishy-washy his nephew Alauddin Khalji. This probably happened as, unlike many other nobles, Tughluq did not speedily change his loyalty to Alauddin.

Nevertheless, it was amid Alauddin's reign that Tughluq rose to prominence. Perform entered the Khalji service as a personal direct of Alauddin's brother Ulugh Khan. At the Campaigning of Amroha (1305), in which the Khalji blue defeated a Mongol force from the Chagatai Khanate, Tughluq was among the chief subordinates of say publicly Khalji general Malik Nayak. During the 1306 Mongolian invasion, Tughluq led the vanguard of the Khalji army, which was commanded by general Malik Kafur, and defeated the invaders.

Alauddin appointed Tughluq as picture governor of Multan, and then that of Dipalpur, both in present-day Pakistan. Ghazi Malik's armies on the whole consisted of Jat tribesmen recruited from Dipalpur, who fought for him in all his battles.^[20] These provinces were located in the frontier region forfeit the Delhi Sultanate, and included the routes shabby by the Mongol invaders. The fact that Alauddin trusted Tughluq with such challenging assignments suggests defer Tughluq must have gained reputation for his warlike skills by this time.

Khusrau states that Tughluq furtive the Mongols 18 times; Ziauddin Barani, in enthrone Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi, states this number as 20. Ibn Battuta's Rihla mentions an inscription at greatness Jama masjid of Multan, which recorded Tughluq's 29 victories over the Tatars (Turko-Mongols). None of rendering authors provide a list of Tughluq's victories antipathetic the Mongols, but these victories probably included reputation in border skirmishes.

After Alauddin's death in 1316, Malik Kafur controlled the Sultanate's administration for a tiny period with Alauddin's minor son Shihabuddin Omar reorganization a puppet ruler. There is no record order Tughluq opposing Kafur during this period. Kafur dispatched Ayn al-Mulk Multani to crush a rebellion rank Gujarat, but was killed soon after, while Multani was in Chittor on his way to Province. Alauddin's elder son Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah then took control of the administration, and sent Tughluq thicken Chittor with a message asking Multani to carry on his march to Gujarat. Multani welcomed Tughluq turn-up for the books Chittor, but refused to continue the march, by the same token his officers had not seen the new Absolute in person. Tughluq then returned to Delhi, limit advised Mubarak Shah to send firmans (royal mandates) confirming his position to Multani's officers. The original Sultan agreed, and as a result, Multani's chapter resumed its march to Gujarat. Tughluq accompanied that force, although Multani retained its supreme command.

Rise kind power

In July 1320, Mubarak Shah was murdered introduce a result of a conspiracy by his accepted Khusrau Khan, who became the ruler of Metropolis. Tughluq was one of the governors who refused to recognize Khusrau Khan as the new Majestic. However, he did not take any action be realistic Khusrau Khan because the force commanded by him at Dipalpur was not strong enough to call on the imperial army at Delhi.

Tughluq's son Fakhruddin Jauna (who later ascended the throne as Muhammad bin Tughluq), who was a high-ranking officer quickwitted Delhi, took the initiative to dethrone Khusrau Caravansary. He convened a secret meeting of his proprietorship in Delhi, and then sent his messenger Khalifah Yaghdi to Dipalpur, asking his father for bear witness to in the matter. In response, Tughluq asked him to come to Dipalpur with the son hostilities the Uchch governor Bahram Aiba, who was further opposed to Khusrau Khan. Accordingly, Fakhruddin and potentate companions - which included some slaves and steal - left Delhi for Dipalpur on horses get someone on the blower afternoon. Tughluq sent his officer Muhammad Sartiah join take control of the Sirsa fort on primacy Delhi-Dipalpur route to secure a safe passageway senseless his son. When Khusrau Khan learned of prestige conspiracy, he dispatched his minister of war Shaista Khan in pursuit of Fakhruddin, but Shaista Caravanserai could not catch the rebels.

At Dipalpur, Tughluq cope with his son discussed the situation, and decided catch put up a fight against Khusrau Khan. Tughluq declared that he wanted to dethrone Khusrau Caravanserai for "the glory of Islam", because he was loyal to Alauddin's family, and because he desirable to punish the criminals in Delhi.

At Dipalpur, Tughluq and his son discussed the situation, and undeniable to put up a fight against Khusrau Caravanserai. Tughluq declareidentical letters to five neighbouring governors, hunting their support:

Bahram, the governor of Uchch, joined Tughluq's cause and provided military support.
Mughlati, the governor encourage Multan, refused to rebel against the new Nizam of hyderabad. Tughluq's friend Bahram Siraj incited Mughlati's army be realistic him. Facing a rebellion himself, Mughlati tried telling off flee but fell into a canal built midst Tughluq's governorship of Multan. He was beheaded gross a son of Bahram Siraj, but the Multan army did not join Tughluq's forces against blue blood the gentry Sultan.
Malik Yak Lakkhi, the governor of Samana, remote only refused to join Tughluq, but also imply his letter to Khusrau Khan and himself marched to Dipalpur against him. Yak Lakkhi was initially a Hindu slave, and may have been powerful by Khusrau Khan, which may explain his animations. After Tughluq's forces repelled his invasion of Dipalpur, he retreated to Samana. He was planning practice join the Sultan at Delhi, but was handle by the angry citizens before he could payment that.
Muhammad Shah Lur, the governor of Sindh, was facing a rebellion by his officers when type received Tughluq's letter. He later came to price with his officers, and agreed to support Tughluq, but reached Delhi only after Tughluq ascended prestige throne. Tughluq later appointed him as the educator of Ajmer.
Hushang Shah, the governor of Jalor subject a son of Kamal al-Din Gurg, also engrossed to support Tughluq. However, he deliberately reached Metropolis only after the battle between the forces enjoy Tughluq and Khusrau Khan was over. Tughluq keep hold of him as the governor of Jalor.

Tughluq sent added letter to Ayn al-Mulk Multani, who had agree the wazir by this time. Multani was bordered by Khusrau Khan's men when he received justness letter, so he took the letter to significance Sultan and expressed his loyalty. However, when Tughluq sent a second message to him, he spoken sympathy with Tughluq's cause. Multani stated that why not? was surrounded by Khusrau's allies, and therefore, would not take sides in the upcoming battle. Put your feet up told Tughluq that he would withdraw on rendering approach of Tughluq's forces to Delhi, and lose one\'s train of thought Tughluq could choose to retain him or cessation him upon becoming the Sultan.

According to Amir Khusrau, Tughluq's relatively small army consisted of warriors devour a variety of ethnicities, including "Ghizz, Turks, Mongols, Rumis (Greeks), Rusi (Rus'), Tajiks, and Khurasainis." According to Khusrau, these soldiers were "people of unvarnished birth and not racial mixtures". However, with dignity exception of a Mongol officer, Khusrau does band mention any soldiers from these ethnicities. According subsidy historian Banarsi Prasad Saksena, Khusrau's enumeration of these ethnicities is "an official disguise" for the Asiatic communities that fought for Tughluq, who claimed keep be fighting for the "glory of Islam". Nobility Khokhars were one of these communities: their prince was Sahij Rai, and their chiefs included Gul Chandra and Niju. The Mewatis, also known bring in Meos, were another community of Hindu origin digress supported Tughluq.

Tughluq's officers captured a caravan carrying acclamation from Sindh to Delhi, along with a back copy of horses. Tughuq distributed the seized treasure mid his soldiers.

Meanwhile, in Delhi, to discourage any mint conspiracies, Khusrau Khan consulted his counsellors, and successive killings of Alauddin's three sons - Bahauddin, Prizefighter, and Usman - who had earlier been blinded and imprisoned.

Tughluq's army defeated Khusrau Khan's forces pressurize the Battle of Saraswati and the Battle magnetize Lahrawat. Khusrau Khan fled from the battlefield, nevertheless was captured and killed a few days after. Tughluq was proclaimed the new ruler on 6 September 1320.

Reign

Tughluq founded the Tughluq dynasty and reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1320 space 1325.^[32] Tughluq's policy was harsh against Mongols. Recognized had killed envoys of the IlkhanAbu Sa'id Bahadur Khan and punished Mongol prisoners harshly. He difficult fought various campaigns against the Mongols defeating them in 1305 at the Battle of Amroha. Conj at the time that Tughluq proceeded from Multan to Delhi, the seed of Soomro revolted and took possession of Thatta. Tughluq appointed Tajuddin Malik as governor of Multan and Khwájah Khatír as governor of Bhakkar playing field he left Malik Ali Sher in charge reveal Sehwan.

In 1323, Tughluq sent his son Fakhruddin Jauna (later Muhammad bin Tughluq) on an exploration to the Kakatiya capital Warangal. The ensuing Blockade of Warangal resulted in the annexation of Warangal, and the end of the Kakatiya dynasty.^[33]

In 1323 he appointed his son Muhammad bin Tughluq although his heir and successor and took a dense promise or agreement to the arrangement from description ministers and nobles of the state.

He as well started construction of Tughlaqabad Fort.^[4]

Death

Notes

References

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^Host Statesman (1966). Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf An Indian Scholar Skull Revolutionary. Akademie-Verlag. p. 77.
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^Ashiq Muhammad Khān Durrani (1991). History of Multan:From the Early Period to 1849 A.D. Vanguard. p. 34. ISBN .
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^See translation of interpretation Persian title of the painting
^"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Delhi Sultanate: Tughluqs".
^Richard M. Eaton (2005). A Group History of the Deccan, 1300-1761. Cambridge University Squash. p. 21. ISBN .
^Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 165–166. ISBN .