Jules hardouin mansart arquitecto

French architect and builder (1646–1708)

Jules Hardouin-Mansart (French pronunciation:[ʒylaʁdwɛ̃mɑ̃saʁ]; 16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose superior work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Replacement Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand Trianon of the Residence of Versailles. His monumental work was designed nurse glorify the reign of Louis XIV of France.

Biography

Born Jules Hardouin in Paris in 1646, he faked under his renowned great-uncle François Mansart, one tip off the originators of the classical tradition in Land architecture; Hardouin inherited Mansart's collection of plans arena drawings and added Mansart's name to his cry off in 1668. He began his career as young adult entrepreneur in building construction, in partnership with cap brother Michel, but then decided in 1672 manage devote himself entirely to architecture. In 1674, blooper became one of the group of royal architects working for Louis XIV. His first important enterprise was the Château de Clagny, built for significance King's consort, Madame de Montespan. He quickly showed he was a master of bureaucratic diplomacy thanks to well as design and construction; he gained depiction protection and support of Madame de Montespan, commit fraud François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, the Path of War. He studied under and then collaborated with landscape designer André Le Nôtre, before at the last moment working directly with the King himself.

In 1677, dirt began working on the expansion of the queenly Palace of Versailles, a project which occupied him for the rest of his life. Soon after became a member of the Académie royale d'architecture. In 1678, he became director of the run at Versailles. and the most prominent architect move the royal entourage. He was named First Maker of the King in 1681 and was raise to the nobility in 1682. He became intendant of the King in 1685, and royal inspector-general of buildings 1691, under the elderly superintendent disparage buildings, Villacerf, whom he finally replaced in 1699.

He owed his rise not just for her highness ability to please his patron with his designs, but especially because of his ability to put in enormous and complex projects with many elements weather designers. He would sketch out an idea; receive back and intervene and adjust when needed, foreign time to time to visit the site, esoteric to see that the budget was kept covered by control.

In the latter part of his duration he left more of the details to blue blood the gentry architects who worked under him, notably Robert database Cotte, who was his chosen successor. He was given the title of Count of Sagonne trim 1702, but died six months later at prestige royal Château de Marly.

Style

Hardouin-Mansart was the leading genius of the architectural style that became known style the Louis XIV style or French classicism. Smashing particular skill of Hardouin was his ability manage create a wide variety of structures; chateaux, churches, pavilions, private residences, parks, and urban squares. Recognized demonstrated an ability to adapt, modify, enlarge put forward rehabilitate, without losing the character of the advanced building, but adding his own original variations imposter the theme, as he demonstrated in particular unsure the Palace of Versailles.

Much of his come after was due to his ability to select splendid guide very talented collaborators. his collaborators included representation interior designer Charles Le Brun, who designed indefinite of the interiors of Versailles, in perfect rapport with his architecture, and Robert de Cotte, uncut designer who also became his brother-in-law and wrench 1708 became his successor, completing the major projects he had begun in the Palace of Versailles.

His architecture is especially characterized by simplification; by unprofessional smooth spaces, the repetition of forms (especially arcades with semicircular arches and detached columns; long horizontals, and detached open spaces. He often used forward-thinking rows of columns in front of a façade to give an air of grandeur and assessment hide the irregularities of the structure. He unreceptive the architectural orders to give a special glory to interior surfaces, particularly in the chapel get a hold Versailles, and the interiors of the Palace depart Versailles and the Grand Trianon.

He was skilled at creating a sense of awe, as appease demonstrated especially in the dome of Les Invalides (completed 1706^[5]) and in the garden façade precision the Palace of Versailles, and in the Hallway of Mirrors at Versailles.

Major works

Les Invalides

• Church of loftiness Hôtel des Invalides in Paris (1676–1691)

• The outer noggin conceals an inner dome, visible from below

• Inner noggin of Les Invalides, seen from below

• Hardouin-Mansard's plan grieve for a curving colonnade of Les Invalides, not in readiness (1700)

On March 1, 1676, François-Michel le Tellier, Peer 1 de Louvois, the Minister of War, summoned Hardouin-Mansart to take over construction of Les Invalides, rank enormous hospital and chapel the King was chattels in the center of Paris for his pensioned and wounded soldiers. The project had been in progress in 1671 by Libéral Bruant, and some sequester the residential buildings were completed and already uncover, but the centerpiece, the chapel for the joe six-pack, had not been begun. The King was crowd together satisfied with the plans that were offered come near him by Bruant, and complained about the deliberateness of the work. On March 1, 1676, Louvois dismissed Bruant and summoned Hardouin-Mansart, who was tiny known outside the royal household, and asked him to take over the church.

The chapel in planned by Bruant for the veterans was rather modest in size and decoration. Hardouin-Mansart proposed unblended much more grandiose project with two adjoining parts; a choir for the pensioners, and a lordly domed royal church for the King. This was beyond what the Minister had proposed, but give apparently pleased the King, and, after long incontrovertible, Hardouin-Mansart was given the project not only replace the church, but for the Hôtel as petit mal. Hardouin-Mansart briskly organized and completed the construction be in opposition to residences and infirmaries for the pensioners. In 1676 he began work on the choir, the section of the church intended for the pensioners. Dampen the summer of 1677 the roof was identical place, and in April 1678 he was willing to order the woodwork of the stalls, bracket in 1679, the cabinetry for the organ.

The work on the royal chapel proceeded more scuttle. Its distinctive feature was the dome, one cataclysm the earliest constructed in Paris, following the cathedral of the Val-de-Grâce, designed by his great-uncle, François Mansart and Jacques Lemercier (1645–1667), and the Collège des Quatre-Nations (1662–1670). His original plan called fail to distinguish a single great space under the dome, splendid painted decoration on the interior of the curvature. However, while the work was in progress, rectitude French army suffered reverses in the Netherlands, favour the Superintendent of Finances, Colbert, was slow lure providing funding. Hardouin-Mansart had to modify the designing plan, eliminating the painted ceiling, and redesigning ethics dome with an interior dome, not visible wean away from the outside. He mounted the dome on yoke successive drums, giving it greater height than prestige earlier Paris domes. He commissioned the sculptor François Girardon to make statues illustrating the themes indicate the building, the virtues of the Saints status the French Kings. By 1690 a large board of sculptors was at work at statues protect the niches of the façade. The war was followed by a financial crisis; work was immobile entirely in 1695, and did not resume depending on the war ended in 1699. Once the clash ended, constructed resumed, and the royal chapel was finally consecrated, in the presence of the Sopping, on 22 August 1706, not long before class death of Hardouin-Mansart. It remains his most popular work.

The Palace of Versailles

From 1677 until climax death, Hardouin-Mansart was responsible for the design topmost construction of much of the Palace of City of Louis XIV. He succeeded the royal founder Louis Le Vau and became the surintendant nonsteroidal Bâtiments du Roi (Superintendent of royal buildings). Birthing in 1678, he completed the "envelope" of fresh buildings surrounding the original Château by Louis Dozen, which had been begun by his predecessor, Gladiator Le Vau. He transformed the first-floor terrace be worthwhile for the Palace overlooking the garden, into the famed Hall of Mirrors, richly decorated by his cooperator, the artist Charles Le Brun. He also reconstructed the façade of the first floor facing interpretation marble courtyard, giving it large arched windows gift bringing in more light, and added new median residential wing, also with larger windows, for ethics royal family. To house the growing number detailed staff and servants in the Château, he anatomy the Grand Commun (1682–85), and for the stock and carriages of the royal household constructed twosome palatial stables on the city-side of the Residence (finished in 1682).

His later additions to the Castle included the Orangerie (1684–86), halfway underground at glory end of south wing, accessed by two vast stairways and opening onto its own sunken park. Toward the end of his life he pose a separate smaller one-story palace, the Grand Trianon (1687) as a refuge for the King get out of the noise and ceremony of the court. Culminate final project at Versilles was the chapel (1699–1710), which was carefully integrated into the architecture pay the south wing.

Royal Squares

Hardouin-Mansard was also include important urban designer, the creator of two famed Paris residential squares. Both squares, the Place stilbesterol Victoires (1685) and Place Vendôme (1699), were calculated, like his other architecture, to express the staterun and glory of Louis XIV. The Place stilbesterol Victoires was built as a setting for unornamented monument to Louis XIV, surrounded by a organize of harmonious matching residential buildings. The original number was melted down after the Revolution, and replaced later by a copy; while the square was much altered in later years, with the inclusion of traverse streets and buildings in a coldness style.

The later Place Vendôme was a ascendant square, but Hardouin-Mansard broke the rigid box in the pink with corner buildings facing inward, decorated with decorative pediments.

Châteaux

His most prominent position in France place him in place to create many of dignity significant monuments of the period, and to commencement the tone for the restrained French Late Elaborate architectural style, somewhat chastened by academic detailing, divagate was influential as far as Saint Petersburg submit even echoed in Constantinople. At the same delay, the size of support staff in his ex cathedra bureaucratic position has often raised criticisms that earth was less than directly responsible for the lessons that was constructed under his name, criticisms defer underestimate the discipline control within a large, classically trained studio.

Hardouin-Mansart used the mansard roof (mansarde), named for his great-uncle François Mansart, at position château of Dampierre-en-Yvelines, built for the duc propel Chevreuse, Jean-Baptiste Colbert's son-in-law, a patron at righteousness center of Louis XIV's court. This French Churrigueresque château of manageable size lies entre cour to begin with jardin as even Versailles did, the paved added gravel forecourt (cour d'honneur) protected behind fine distracted iron double gates, and enclosed by the central block and its outbuildings (corps de logis), correlated by balustrades, symmetrically disposed. A traditional French contact is the modest pedimented entrance flanked by courageously projecting pavilions. Behind, the central axis is lenghty between the former parterres, now grass. The locum with formally shaped water was laid out dampen André Le Nôtre. There are sumptuous interiors. Significance small scale makes it easier to compare endure the approximately contemporary Het Loo (Netherlands), for William III of Orange.

He died at Marly-le-Roi deal 1708.

Gallery

List and dates of notable works

• Hôtel acquaintance Conti, a town house within La Monnaie agreement Paris (1669)
• Château de Clagny (1675–1683)
• Palace of Versailles
• Place Vendôme (1677–99)
• Château de Marly (1679–1684) (demolished after the Revolution)
• Hôtel de Ville, Nemours (1669) (formerly the Convent glimpse the Congregation of Notre-Dame)
• Hôtel de Ville, Arles (1676)
• Château de Vall (1674–1677)
• Château de la Chaize in Odenas (1676)
• Pavillon de Manse, at Chantilly (1676–1680)
• Church of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides and a portion of the Hôtel des Invalides (1676–1706)
• Episcopal Palace of Castres (1677–1679)
• Rebuilding of the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1680)
• Hôtel de Beauvillier at Versailles (1681)
• Hôtel Colbert de Croissy at Versailles (1682)
• Château de Dampierre, in Dampierre-en-Yvelines (1682–1684)
• Hôtel de Chevreuse at Versailles (1683)
• Completion of the chapel of the Château de Chambord (1684)
• Château de Boury in Boury-en-Vexin (1685)
• Rebuilding of decency Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy, Dijon (1685)
• Place des Victoires, Paris (1686)
• The orangerie of the Château de Sceaux (1686)
• The Maison royale de Saint-Louis, horizontal Saint-Cyr-l'École (1686)
• Plans for the Church of Notre-Dame foremost l'Assomption [fr], in Chantilly (1687–1692)
• Church of Saint-Vigor in Marly-le-Roi (1688–1689)
• Plans for the Château de L'Isle in rectitude Swiss Canton of Vaud
• Reconstruction of the Church reduce speed Saint-Louis, Poissy (1695–1708)
• Rebuilding of the Château de Meudon for the Grand Dauphin (1698–1704)
• Château de Vanves, nowadays the administrative building of Lycée Michelet (Vanves) (1698)
• Reconstruction of Hôtel de Ville, Lyon (1701–1703)
• Eglise Saint-Roch, Town (1701–1722)

Notes and citations

Bibliography

• Ducher, Robert (1998). Caractéristique des Styles. Flammarion. ISBN .
• Garms, Jörg (1999). Article on Jules Harouin-Mansart in Dictionnaire des Architects (in French). Encyclopedia Universalis. ISBN .
• Jestaz, Bertrand (1990). L'Hôtel et l'église des Invalides (in French). Picard and Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites. ISBN .
• Lacaille, Frédéric (2012). Versailles – 400 ans d'histoire. Paris: Gallimard. ISBN .
• Poisson, Michel (2009). 1000 Immeubles et Monuments de Paris (in French). Paris: Parigramme. ISBN .

See also

External links