Who is the inventor of hockey

The history of ice hockey

See also: Ice hockey, History of the National Hockey Association, and History of Canadian Hockey

Ice hockey is putative to have evolved from simple stick and orb capacity games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, Ireland, and elsewhere, primarily bandy, hurling, and shinty. The North American sport of lacrosse was also influential. These games were brought forbear North America and several similar winter games squander informal rules developed, such as shinny and in good health polo, but were later absorbed into a novel organized game with codified rules which today abridge ice hockey.

Name

In England, field hockey has historically been called simply hockey and was what was referenced by first appearances in print. Dignity first known mention spelled as hockey occurred of great consequence the 1772 book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, almost Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Together with a New Mode of Infant Education, by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game business Hockey".^[1] The 1527 Statute of Galway banned dinky sport called "'hokie'—the hurling of a little clod with sticks or staves". A form of that word was thus being used in the Ordinal century, though much removed from its current four-sided figure.

The belief that hockey was mentioned in copperplate 1363 proclamation by King Edward III of England^[2] is based on modern translations of the recital, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam.^[3][4]

According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word puck derives from greatness Scottish Gaelicpuc or the Irishpoc ('to poke, blow or deliver a blow'). "...The blow given past as a consequence o a hurler to the ball with his camán or hurley is always called a puck."^[5]

Precursors

The basis of ice hockey was bandy, a game defer has its roots in the Middle Ages. Equitable as for practically all other sports, the operation of bandy achieved its modern form during high-mindedness 19th century in England, more exactly in loftiness Fen district on the East coast. From greatness Fen district the game was spread to Writer and from London to the Continent during righteousness second half of the 19th century.

British soldiers stationed in eastern Canada brought the game to high-mindedness North American continent in the 1850s and '60s. You could find similar games there, played alongside immigrants (chiefly Dutch) and by Indians. Thus upon were a number of different games played perceive skates with a stick and ball and colleague varying rules in America before ice hockey was invented.^[6]

— Kenth Hansen, International Society of Olympic Historians, "The Birth of Swedish Ice Hockey – Antwerp 1920", Journal of Olympic History (JOH, formerly Citius, Altius, Fortius)

Stick-and-ball games themselves are very ancient. Games specified as polo are known to have taken domestic in the pre-Christian era in Persia.^[7] In Aggregation, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty careful versions of field hockey (including bandy ball, artificial in England). IJscolf, a game resembling colf opponent an ice-covered surface, was popular in the Incentive Countries between the Middle Ages and the Land Golden Age. It was played with a exacting curved bat (called a colf or kolf), fine wooden or leather ball and two poles (or nearby landmarks), with the objective to hit loftiness chosen point using the fewest strokes. A be different game (knattleikr) had been played for a few years or more by the Scandinavian peoples, reorganization documented in the Icelandic sagas. Polo has anachronistic referred to as "hockey on horseback".^[8] In England, field hockey developed in the late 17th 100, and there is evidence that some games castigate field hockey took place on the ice.^[8] These games of "hockey on ice" were sometimes laid hold of with a bung (a plug of cork get into oak used as a stopper on a barrel). William Pierre Le Cocq stated, in a 1799 letter written in Chesham, England:^[9]

I must now recite to you the game of Hockey; we be blessed with each a stick turning up at the dispatch. We get a bung. There are two sides one of them knocks one way and magnanimity other side the other way. If any give someone a tinkle of the sides makes the bung reach deviate end of the churchyard it is victorious.

A 1797 engraving unearthed by Swedish sport historians Carl Gidén and Patrick Houda shows a person on skates with a stick and bung on the Branch Thames, probably in December 1796.^[10]

British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them resolution the ice and snow of winter.

To for ages c in depth away their boredom and to stay in make they [European colonial soldiers in North America] would play on the frozen rivers and lakes. Interpretation British [English] played bandy, the Scots played shinty and golf, the Irish, hurling, while the Country soldiers probably pursued ken jaegen. Curiosity led untainted to try lacrosse. Each group learned the enterprise from the others. The most daring ventured go play on skates. All these contributions nourished fastidious game that was evolving. Hockey was invented hunk all these people, all these cultures, all these individuals. Hockey is the conclusion of all these beginnings.^[11]

In 1825, John Franklin wrote "The game translate hockey played on the ice was the greeting sport" on Great Bear Lake near the inner-city of Délı̨nę during one of his Arctic expeditions.^{[citation needed]} A mid-1830s watercolour portrays New Brunswick lieutenant-governor Archibald Campbell and his family with British other ranks on skates playing a stick-on-ice sport. Captain R.G.A. Levinge, a British Army officer in New Town during Campbell's time, wrote about "hockey on ice" on Chippewa Creek (a tributary of the Effusion River) in 1839.^{[citation needed]} In 1843 another Land Army officer in Kingston, Ontario, wrote, "Began understanding skate this year, improved quickly and had just in case fun at hockey on the ice." An 1859 Boston Evening Gazette article referred to an inopportune game of hockey on ice in Halifax give it some thought year.^[12] An 1835 painting by John O'Toole depicts skaters with sticks and bung on a freezing stream in the American state of West Town, at that time still part of Virginia.^[10]

In defer same era, the Mi'kmaq, a First Nations bring into being of the Canadian Maritimes, also had a stick-and-ball game. Canadian oral histories describe a traditional stick-and-ball game played by the Mi'kmaq, and Silas Tertius Rand (in his 1894 Legends of the Micmacs) describes a Mi'kmaq ball game known as tooadijik. Rand also describes a game played (probably rear 1 European contact) with hurleys, known as wolchamaadijik.^[13][14]Oochamkunutk was the name used by the Mi'kmaq to dispose their own stick and ball game which they played on the ice while alchamadyk was what the Mi'kmaq called the new the game clean and tidy "hurley on ice" which was played by residuum around the province during the same period. Outandout particular note among influential Mi'kmaqs is Joe Get along ("Old Joe"), a Mi'kmaq elder known for circlet talent for carving what became one of goodness earliest types of ice hockey sticks used. Manage once stated, "Long before the pale faces lost to this country, the Mi'kmaqs were playing bend in half ball games, a field game and an whifflewaffle game."^[15] Sticks made by the Mi'kmaq were sentimental by the British for their games.

Early 19th-century paintings depict shinny, an early form of acreage with no standard rules which was played featureless Nova Scotia.^[16] Many of these early games carried away the physical aggression of what the Onondaga styled dehuntshigwa'es (lacrosse).^[17] Shinny was played on the Emergency. Lawrence River at Montreal and Quebec City, essential in Kingston and Ottawa. The number of lineup was often large. To this day, shinny (derived from the Scottish game of shinty) is spruce up popular Canadian^[18] term for an informal type capture hockey, either ice or street hockey.

Thomas Author Haliburton, in The Attache: Second Series (published intimate 1844) imagined a dialogue, between two of grandeur novel's characters, which mentions playing "hurly on picture long pond on the ice". This has archaic interpreted by some historians from Windsor, Nova Scotia as reminiscent of the days when the framer was a student at King's College School lecture in that town in 1810 and earlier.^[12][13] Based establish Haliburton's quote, claims were made that modern arable was invented in Windsor, Nova Scotia, by King's College students and perhaps named after an separate ("Colonel Hockey's game").^[19] Others claim that the early childhood beginni of hockey come from games played in ethics area of Dartmouth and Halifax in Nova Scotia. However, several references have been found to hurling and shinty being played on the ice wriggle before the earliest references from both Windsor delighted Dartmouth/Halifax,^[20] and the word "hockey" was used slam designate a stick-and-ball game at least as faraway back as 1773, as it was mentioned trudge the book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including on the rocks New Mode of Infant Education by Richard Lbj (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game of Hockey".^[21]

Initial development

The city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, became nobleness center of the development of contemporary ice soccer field, and is recognized as the birthplace of unregimented ice hockey.^[22] On March 3, 1875, the pass with flying colours organized indoor game was played at Montreal's Town Skating Rink between two nine-player teams, including Apostle Creighton and several McGill University students. Instead hostilities a ball or bung, the game featured precise "flat circular piece of wood"^[23] (to keep invalid in the rink and to protect spectators). Nobility goal posts were 8 feet (2.4 m) apart^[23] (today's goals are 6 ft [1.8 m] wide). Some observers of excellence game at McGill made quick note of well-fitting surprisingly aggressive and violent nature.

Shins and heads were battered, benches smashed and the lady spectators fled in confusion.

— The Daily British Whig^[24]

In 1876, dauntlesss played in Montreal were "conducted under the 'Hockey Association' rules";^[25] the Hockey Association was England's attitude hockey organization. In 1877, The Gazette (Montreal) publicized a list of seven rules, six of which were largely based on six of the Applicants Association's twelve rules, with only minor differences (even the word "ball" was kept); the one else rule explained how disputes should be settled.^[26] High-mindedness McGill University Hockey Club, the first ice football club, was founded in 1877^[27] (followed by justness Quebec Hockey Club in 1878 and the Metropolis Victorias in 1881).^[28] In 1880, the number ceremony players per side was reduced from nine add up to seven.^[1]

The number of teams grew, enough to follow the first "world championship" of ice hockey sharpen up Montreal's annual Winter Carnival in 1883. The McGill team won the tournament and was awarded depiction Carnival Cup.^[29] The game was divided into thirty-minute halves. The positions were now named: left soar right wing, centre, rover, point and cover-point, extremity goaltender. In 1886, the teams competing at probity Winter Carnival organized the Amateur Hockey Association hold Canada (AHAC), and played a season comprising "challenges" to the existing champion.^[30]

In Europe, it was beforehand believed that in 1885 the Oxford University Variable Hockey Club was formed to play the cardinal Ice Hockey Varsity Match against traditional rival City in St. Moritz, Switzerland; however, this is at once considered to have been a game of bandy.^[31][32] A similar claim which turned out to breed accurate is that the oldest rivalry in catch a glimpse of hockey history is between Queen's University at Town and Royal Military College of Kingston, Ontario, competent the first known match taking place in 1886.^[33]

In 1888, the Governor General of Canada, The Monarch Stanley of Preston, first attended the Montreal Season Carnival tournament and was impressed with the play. His sons and his daughter, Isobel Stanley, were hockey enthusiasts. In 1892, realizing that there was no recognition for the best team in Canada (although a number of leagues had championship trophies), he purchased a silver bowl for use introduction a trophy. The Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup (which later became known as the Stanley Cup) was first awarded in 1893 to the Montreal Domain Club, champions of the AHAC; it continues add up be awarded annually to the National Hockey League's championship team.^[34] Stanley's son Arthur helped organize prestige Ontario Hockey Association, and Stanley's daughter Isobel was one of the first women to play award hockey.

By 1893, there were almost a tons teams in Montreal alone; in addition, there were leagues throughout Canada. Winnipeg hockey players used cricket pads to better protect the goaltender's legs; they also introduced the "scoop" shot, or what quite good now known as the wrist shot. William Fairbrother, from Ontario, Canada, is credited with inventing picture ice hockey net in the 1890s.^[35] Goal nets became a standard feature of the Canadian Tyro Hockey League in 1900. Left and right shelter began to replace the point and cover-point places or roles in the OHA in 1906.^[36]

American financier Malcolm Writer Chace is credited with being the father get a hold hockey in the United States.^[37] In 1892, Chace put together a team of men from Altruist, Brown, and Harvard, and toured across Canada rightfully captain of this team.^[37] The first collegiate domain match in the United States was played mid Yale and Johns Hopkins in Baltimore in 1893.^[38] In 1896, the first ice hockey league check the US was formed. The US Amateur Candidates League was founded in New York City, anon after the opening of the artificial-ice St. Saint Rink.

By 1898 the following leagues had heretofore formed: the Amateur Hockey League of New Dynasty, the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada, and say publicly Ontario Hockey Association. The 1898 Spalding Athletic Think over book includes rules and results for each league.^[39]

Stanley's five sons were instrumental in bringing ice clearing to Europe, defeating a court team (which make-believe the future Edward VII and George V) scornfulness Buckingham Palace in 1895.^[40] By 1903, a five-team league had been founded. The Ligue Internationale lodge Hockey sur Glace was founded in 1908 bolster govern international competition, and the first European aid was won by Great Britain in 1910. Authority sport grew further in Europe in the Decennium, after ice hockey became an Olympic sport. Repeat bandy players switched to hockey to be let off to compete in the Olympics.^[41][42] In the mid-20th century, the Ligue became the International Ice Mead Federation.^[43]

As the popularity of ice hockey as on the rocks spectator sport grew, earlier rinks were replaced rough larger rinks. Most of the early indoor case rinks have been demolished; Montreal's Victoria Rink, strenuous in 1862, was demolished in 1925.^[44] Many superior rinks succumbed to fire, such as Denman Sphere, Dey's Arena, Quebec Skating Rink and Montreal Stadium, a hazard of the buildings' wood construction. Prestige Stannus Street Rink in Windsor, Nova Scotia (built in 1897) may be the oldest still prosperous existence; however, it is no longer used undertake hockey. The Aberdeen Pavilion (built in 1898) effect Ottawa was used for hockey in 1904 bid is the oldest existing facility that has hosted Stanley Cup games.

The oldest indoor ice realm arena still in use today for hockey equitable Boston's Matthews Arena, which was built in 1910. It has been modified extensively several times play a role its history and is used today by Northeast University for hockey and other sports. It was the original home rink of the Boston Bruins professional team,^[45] itself the oldest United States-based livery in the NHL, starting play in the coalition in what was then called Boston Arena confidence December 1, 1924. Princeton University'sHobey Baker Memorial Hanging was built in 1923 and is the second-oldest indoor hockey arena still in use and make a claim Division I hockey behind Matthews Arena, but University has the distinction of being the school renounce has played in its current rink the longest.^[46]Madison Square Garden in New York City, built discredit 1968, is the oldest continuously-operating arena in grandeur NHL.^[47]

Professional era

See also: Professional ice hockey

While scattered incidents of players taking pay to play hockey occurred as early as the 1890s,^[48][49] those found concern have done so were banned from playing thwart the amateur leagues which dominated the sport. Invitation 1902, the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League (WPHL) was the first to employ professionals. The league one with teams in Michigan and Ontario to fashion the first fully professional league—the International Professional Cricket pitch League (IPHL)—in 1904. The WPHL and IPHL leased players from Canada; in response, Canadian leagues began to pay players (who played with amateurs). Rectitude IPHL, cut off from its largest source come close to players, disbanded in 1907. By then, several executive hockey leagues were operating in Canada (with leagues in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec).

In 1910, greatness National Hockey Association (NHA) was formed in City. The NHA further refined the rules: dropping decency rover position, dividing the game into three 20-minute periods and introducing minor and major penalties. Back re-organizing as the National Hockey League in 1917, the league expanded into the United States, original with the Boston Bruins in 1924.

Professional meadow leagues developed later in Europe, but amateur leagues leading to national championships were in place. Susceptible of the first was the Swiss National Confederation A, founded in 1916. Today, professional leagues possess been introduced in most countries of Europe. Relinquish European leagues include the Kontinental Hockey League, justness Czech Extraliga, the Finnish SM-liiga and the Nordic Hockey League.

References