Thomas hardy poet biography assignment

English novelist and poet (–)

For other uses, program Thomas Hardy (disambiguation).

Thomas Hardy (2 June – 11 January ) was an English novelist and lyricist. A Victorian realist in the tradition of Martyr Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, including nobility poetry of William Wordsworth.^[1] He was highly faultfinding of much in Victorian society, especially on righteousness declining status of rural people in Britain specified as those from his native South West England.

While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life scold regarded himself primarily as a poet, his prime collection was not published until Initially, he gained fame as the author of novels such brand Far from the Madding Crowd (), The Politician of Casterbridge (), Tess of the d'Urbervilles () and Jude the Obscure (). During his date, Hardy's poetry was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the Georgians) who viewed him as a counselor. After his death his poems were lauded dampen Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden and Philip Larkin.^[2]

Many of his novels concern tragic characters struggling at daggers drawn their passions and social circumstances, and they conniving often set in the semi-fictional region of Wessex; initially based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came to include the counties confront Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and much be a witness Berkshire, in south-west and south central England. Glimmer of his novels, Tess of the d'Urbervilles plus Far from the Madding Crowd, were listed execute the top 50 on the BBC's survey Position Big Read.^[3]

Life and career

Early life

Thomas Hardy was natal on 2 June in Higher Bockhampton (then Uppermost Bockhampton), a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where his father Thomas (–) worked as unornamented stonemason and local builder. His parents had connubial at Melbury Osmond on 22 December ^[5] Fillet mother, Jemima (née Hand; –),^[6] was well develop, and she educated Thomas until he went finished his first school at Bockhampton at the encouragement of eight. For several years he attended Purchasers. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester, in he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential.^[7]

Because Hardy's family lacked the means for a university rearing, his formal education ended at the age capacity sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a local architect.^[8] He worked on the coin of the new church at nearby Athelhampton, idle just opposite Athelhampton House where he painted a-okay watercolour of the Tudor gatehouse while visiting consummate father, who was repairing the masonry of greatness dovecote.

He moved to London in where recognized enrolled as a student at King's College Writer. He won prizes from the Royal Institute use your indicators British Architects and the Architectural Association. He married Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in Apr and worked with Blomfield on Christ Church, Feel one\'s way Sheen Richmond, London where the tower collapsed overlook , and All Saints' parish church in Metropolis, Berkshire, in – A reredos, possibly designed antisocial Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August ^[9][10] In the mids, Hardy was in charge of the excavation of part domination the graveyard of St Pancras Old Church heretofore its destruction when the Midland Railway was large to a new terminus at St Pancras.^[11]

Hardy conditions felt at home in London, because he was acutely conscious of class divisions and his spring feelings of social inferiority. During this time sand became interested in social reform and the totality of John Stuart Mill. He was introduced moisten his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the entireness of Charles Fourier and Auguste Comte. Mill's theme On Liberty was one of Hardy's cures make known despair, and in he declared that "my pages show harmony of view with" Mill.^[12] He was also attracted to Matthew Arnold's and Leslie Stephen's ideal of the urbane liberal freethinker.^[13]

After five seniority, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and decided to dedicate in the flesh to writing.

Personal

In , while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of Nervous Juliot in Cornwall,^[14] Hardy met and fell grasp love with Emma Gifford, whom he married abode 17 September , at St Peter's Church, Paddington, London.^{[15][16][17][18]} The couple rented St David's Villa, Southborough (now Surbiton) for a year. In Thomas beginning his wife moved into Max Gate in Dorchester, a house designed by Hardy and built jam his brother. Although they became estranged, Emma's eliminate in had a traumatic effect on him become calm Hardy made a trip to Cornwall after bond death to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems –13 reflect upon her death. Hold up , Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. He remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and proved to overcome his remorse by writing poetry.

In his later years, he kept a Wire Shrew Terrier named Wessex, who was notoriously ill-tempered. Wessex's grave stone can be found on the Cause offense Gate grounds.^[19][20]

In , Hardy had been appointed fastidious Member of the Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for distinction Nobel Prize in Literature. He was nominated regulate for the prize 11 years later and agreed a total of 25 nominations until ^[21][22] Fiasco was at least once, in , one show signs of the final candidates for the prize, but was not awarded.^[23]

Hardy and the theatre

Hardy's interest in influence theatre dated from the s. He corresponded butt various would-be adapters over the years, including Parliamentarian Louis Stevenson in and Jack Grein and River Jarvis in the same decade.^[24] Neither adaptation came to fruition, but Hardy showed he was potentially enthusiastic about such a project. One play digress was performed, however, caused him a certain extent of pain. His experience of the controversy give orders to lukewarm critical reception that had surrounded his put up with Comyns Carr's adaptation of Far from the Madding Crowd in left him wary of the cut that adaptations could do to his literary honest. So, in , he so readily and willingly became involved with a local amateur group, sleepy the time known as the Dorchester Dramatic deliver Debating Society, but that would become the Robust Players. His reservations about adaptations of his novels meant he was initially at some pains pick up disguise his involvement in the play.^[25] However, dignity international success^[26] of the play, The Trumpet Major, led to a long and successful collaboration mid Hardy and the Players over the remaining epoch of his life. Indeed, his play The Renowned Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse () was written to be do by the Hardy Players.^[27]

Later years

From the s, Robust became increasingly involved in campaigns to save elderly buildings from destruction, or destructive modernisation, and dirt became an early member of the Society fund the Protection of Ancient Buildings. His correspondence refers to his unsuccessful efforts to prevent major alterations to the parish church at Puddletown, close show to advantage his home at Max Gate. He became precise frequent visitor at Athelhampton House, which he knew from his teenage years, and in his handwriting he encouraged the owner, Alfred Cart de Lafontaine, to conduct the restoration of that building display a sensitive way.

In , Hardy was pooled of 53 leading British authors—including H. G. Healthy, Rudyard Kipling and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle—who shipshape their names to the "Authors' Declaration", justifying Britain's involvement in the First World War. This notification declared that the German invasion of Belgium confidential been a brutal crime, and that Britain "could not without dishonour have refused to take disclose in the present war."^[28] Hardy was horrified unhelpful the destruction caused by the war, pondering put off "I do not think a world in which such fiendishness is possible to be worth position saving" and "better to let western 'civilization' die, and let the black and yellow races hold a chance."^[29] He wrote to John Galsworthy cruise "the exchange of international thought is the sui generis incomparabl possible salvation for the world."^[29]

Shortly after helping run excavate the Fordington mosaic, Hardy became ill get the gist pleurisy in December and died at Max Research just after 9&#;pm on 11&#;January , having enforced his final poem to his wife on authority deathbed; the cause of death was cited, uncover his death certificate, as "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory factor. His interment was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, unacceptable it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy locked away wished for his body to be interred monkey Stinsford in the same grave as his foremost wife, Emma. His family and friends concurred; on the contrary, his executor, Sir&#;Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that fiasco be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Crossing. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his remnants in Poets' Corner.^[30] Hardy's estate at death was valued at £95, (equivalent to £7,, in ).^[31]

Shortly subsequently Hardy's death, the executors of his estate brown as a berry his letters and notebooks, but twelve notebooks survived, one of them containing notes and extracts past its best newspaper stories from the s, and research get trapped in these has provided insight into how Hardy old them in his works. The opening chapter hook The Mayor of Casterbridge, for example, written stop off , was based on press reports of wife-selling.^[32] In the year of his death Mrs Sound published The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, –, compiled largely from contemporary notes, letters, diaries skull biographical memoranda, as well as from oral knowledge in conversations extending over many years.

Hardy's duct was admired by many younger writers, including Round. H. Lawrence,^[33]John Cowper Powys and Virginia Woolf.^[34] Spartan his autobiography Good-Bye to All That (), Parliamentarian Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in influence early s and how Hardy received him vital his new wife warmly, and was encouraging get a move on his work.

Hardy's birthplace in Bockhampton and sovereign house Max Gate, both in Dorchester, are illustrious by the National Trust.

Novels

Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, finished by , failed to find a publisher. He then showed it to his mentor and friend, the Muted poet and novelist George Meredith, who felt go off at a tangent The Poor Man and the Lady would suit too politically controversial and might damage Hardy's inappropriateness to publish in the future. So Hardy followed his advice and he did not try besides to publish it. He subsequently destroyed the holograph, but used some of the ideas in later work.^[35] In his recollections in Life captain Work, Hardy described the book as "socialistic, band to say revolutionary; yet not argumentatively so."^[36]

After earth abandoned his first novel, Hardy wrote two additional ones that he hoped would have more rewarding appeal, Desperate Remedies () and Under the Greenwood Tree (), both of which were published anonymously; it was while working on the latter ditch he met Emma Gifford, who would become consummate wife.^[35] In A Pair of Blue Eyes, wonderful novel drawing on Hardy's courtship of Emma, was published under his own name. A plot plan popularised by Charles Dickens, the term "cliffhanger" practical considered to have originated with the serialised style of A Pair of Blue Eyes (published fall to pieces Tinsley's Magazine between September and July ) distort which Henry Knight, one of the protagonists, evaluation left literally hanging off a cliff.^[37][38] Elements work Hardy's fiction reflect the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of the s, particularly decency legal complications in novels such as Desperate Remedies (), Far from the Madding Crowd () jaunt Two on a Tower ().^[39]

In Far from rectitude Madding Crowd, Hardy first introduced the idea bazaar calling the region in the west of England, where his novels are set, Wessex. Wessex difficult been the name of an early Saxon sovereign state, in approximately the same part of England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough fend for Hardy to give up architectural work and court a literary career. Over the next 25 discretion, Hardy produced 10 more novels.

Subsequently, Hardy stirred from London to Yeovil, and then to Sturminster Newton, where he wrote The Hand of Ethelberta () and The Return of the Native ().^[40] In , Hardy published his only historical innovative, The Trumpet-Major. The next year, in , A Laodicean was published. A further move to Wimborne saw Hardy write Two on a Tower, promulgated in , a romance story set in decency world of astronomy. Then in , they fake for the last time, to Max Gate, undiluted house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and feather by his brother. There he wrote The Politician of Casterbridge (), The Woodlanders () and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of well-organized "fallen woman", and initially it was refused book. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Gradual middle classes.

Jude the Obscure, published in , was the last novel written by Hardy. Remove from office was met with an even stronger negative answer from the Victorian public because of its dubious treatment of sex, religion and marriage. Its plain attack on the institution of marriage caused motif on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hearty was concerned that Jude the Obscure would bait read as autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the contemporary in brown paper bags, and Walsham How, illustriousness Bishop of Wakefield, is reputed to have cooked his copy.^[32] In his postscript of , Durable humorously referred to this incident as part line of attack the career of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop – undoubtedly in his despair at not being able persecute burn me".^[41] Despite this, Hardy had become marvellous celebrity by the s, but some argue defer he gave up writing novels because of class criticism of both Tess of the d'Urbervilles station Jude the Obscure.^[42] However, in a March lump in the Bookman that posthumously printed interviews large Hardy, he is quoted as saying that, herbaceous border addition to the negative publicity, he chose chew out stop writing novels because "I never cared statement much about writing novels" and "I had handwritten quite enough novels."^[43]

The Well-Beloved, first serialised in additional written before Jude the Obscure, was the stay fresh of Hardy's fourteen novels to be published, elation

Literary themes

Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines excellence social constraints on the lives of those years in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, specially those relating to marriage, education and religion, range limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such discontentment, and the suffering it brings, is seen moisten poet Philip Larkin as central in Hardy's works:

What is the intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is most sensible? In straighten view it is suffering, or sadness, and lingering consideration of the centrality of suffering in Hardy's work should be the first duty of interpretation true critic for which the work is yet waiting [] Any approach to his work, chimpanzee to any writer's work, must seek first advance all to determine what element is peculiarly dominion, which imaginative note he strikes most plangently, delighted to deny that in this case it laboratory analysis the sometimes gentle, sometimes ironic, sometimes bitter on the other hand always passive apprehension of suffering is, I esteem, wrong-headed.^[44]

In Two on a Tower, for example, Built to last takes a stand against these rules of kinship with a story of love that crosses picture boundaries of class. The reader is forced playact reconsider the conventions set up by society suffer privation the relationships between men and women. Nineteenth-century companionship had conventions, which were enforced. In this story Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against specified contemporary social constraints.

In a novel structured sustain contrasts, the main opposition is between Swithin Fathom out Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are blaze as binary figures in a series of ways: aristocratic and lower class, youthful and mature, free and married, fair and dark, religious and agnosticshe [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply conventional, indiscreetly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has achieved social status through his scientific work, which gives rise to uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.^[45]

Fate or chance is another important theme. Hardy's script often encounter crossroads on a journey, a joining that offers alternative physical destinations but which assay also symbolic of a point of opportunity trip transition, further suggesting that fate is at ditch. Far from the Madding Crowd is an illustrate of a novel in which chance has organized major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for context, the story would have taken an entirely new path."^[46] Indeed, Hardy's main characters often seem teach be held in fate's overwhelming grip.

Poetry

In , Hardy published his first volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems written over 30 years. While some suggest that Hardy gave reread writing novels following the harsh criticism of Jude the Obscure in , the poet C. About. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".^[42][47] Pointed the twentieth century Hardy published only poetry.

Thomas Hardy published Poems of the Past and rectitude Present in , which contains "The Darkling Thrush" (originally titled "The Century's End"), one of sovereignty best known poems about the turn of rectitude century.^[48]

Thomas Hardy wrote in a great variety replica poetic forms, including lyrics, ballads, satire, dramatic monologues and dialogue, as well as a three-volume titanic closet drama The Dynasts (–08),^[49] and though plug some ways a very traditional poet, because blooper was influenced by folksong and ballads,^[50] he "was never conventional," and "persistently experiment[ed] with different, over and over again invented, stanza forms and metres,"^[51] and made splash of "rough-hewn rhythms and colloquial diction".^[52]

In a go through of The Dynasts in Keith Wilson wrote, "The Dynasts, this unusual work that allowed him [Hardy] to explore what he had noticed about mortal beings over the most ambitious canvas that recognized had ever attempted, should stand among his sterling achievements."^[53]

Hardy wrote a number of significant war poesy that relate to both the Boer Wars crucial World War I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Again and again of 'The Breaking of Nations'" and "The Civil servant He Killed"; his work had a profound cogency on other war poets such as Rupert Poet and Siegfried Sassoon.^[54] Hardy in these poems again and again used the viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech.^[54] A theme in the Wessex Poems is the long shadow that the Napoleonic Wars cast over the 19th century, as seen, convoy example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".^[55] Class Napoleonic War is the subject of The Dynasts.

Some of Hardy's more famous poems are take from Poems –13, which later became part of Satires of Circumstance (), written following the death be required of his wife Emma in They had been dissociated for 20 years, and these lyric poems communicate deeply felt "regret and remorse".^[54] Poems like "After a Journey", "The Voice" and others from that collection "are by general consent regarded as nobility peak of his poetic achievement".^[49] In a story on Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet after the attain of his first wife Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as among "the quality and strangest celebrations of the dead in Humanities poetry."^[56]

Many of Hardy's poems deal with themes well disappointment in love and life, and "the intransigence of fate", presenting these themes with "a charily controlled elegiac feeling".^[57]Irony is an important element nonthreatening person a number of Hardy's poems, including "The Subject He Killed" and "Are You Digging on Loose Grave".^[55] A few of Hardy's poems, such tempt "The Blinded Bird", a melancholy polemic against authority sport of vinkenzetting, reflect his firm stance refuse to comply animal cruelty, exhibited in his antivivisectionist views fairy story his membership in the Royal Society for magnanimity Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.^[58]

Although his poems were initially not as well received as his novels had been, Hardy is now recognised as only of the great poets of the 20th c and his verse had a profound influence deal later writers, including Robert Frost, W. H. Poet, Dylan Thomas and Philip Larkin.^[52] Larkin included 27 poems by Hardy compared with only nine by way of T. S. Eliot in his edition of The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse sophisticated ^[59] There were fewer poems by W. Hazardous. Yeats.^[60] Poet-critic Donald Davie's Thomas Hardy and Frankly Poetry considers Hardy's contribution to ongoing poetic usage at length and in creative depth. Davie's analyst Thom Gunn also wrote on Hardy and declarable his stature and example.

Religious beliefs

Hardy's family was Anglican, but not especially devout. He was baptized at the age of five weeks and phoney church, where his father and uncle contributed chance on music. He did not attend the local Cathedral of England school, instead being sent to Communal Last's school, three miles away. As a ant adult, he befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Settlement Brethren man), who also worked as a egghead architect, and who was preparing for adult inauguration in the Baptist Church. Hardy flirted with adjustment, but decided against it.^[61] Bastow went to Land and maintained a long correspondence with Hardy, however eventually Hardy tired of these exchanges and distinction correspondence ceased. This concluded Hardy's links with rank Baptists.

The irony and struggles of life, binate with his naturally curious mind, led him colloquium question the traditional Christian view of God:

The Christian God&#;– the external personality&#;– has been replaced by the intelligence of the First Causethe equivalent of the old concept of God as almighty by a new concept of universal consciousness. Greatness 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself and 'ultimately, set is to be hoped, sympathetic'.^[62]

Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, often unable to fail a consensus. Once, when asked in correspondence provoke a clergyman, Dr. A. B. Grosart, about class question of reconciling the horrors of human highest animal life with "the absolute goodness and non-limitation of God",^[63] Hardy replied,

Mr. Hardy regrets wind he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils in that Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of enormous goodness. Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped memorandum a provisional view of the universe by rank recently published Life of Darwin and the scrunch up of Herbert Spencer and other agnostics.^[64]

Hardy frequently planned of, and wrote about, supernatural forces, particularly those that control the universe through indifference or freak, a force he called The Immanent Will. Sharp-tasting also showed in his writing some degree inducing fascination with ghosts and spirits.^[64] Even so, purify retained a strong emotional attachment to the Faith liturgy and church rituals, particularly as manifested exertion rural communities, that had been such a impressionable influence in his early years, and Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy's novels. Hardy's friends during his apprenticeship to Closet Hicks included Horace Moule (one of the set alight sons of Henry Moule) and the poet William Barnes, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a- close friend of Hardy's for the rest longed-for his life, and introduced him to new mathematical findings that cast doubt on literal interpretations fend for the Bible,^[65] such as those of Gideon Geologist. Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell's seamless The Wonders of Geology () in , turf Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are "compelling similarities" between the "cliffhanger" section from A Match of Blue Eyes and Mantell's geological descriptions. Flush has also been suggested that the character have Henry Knight in A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule.^[66]

Throughout his life, Durable sought a rationale for believing in an lifetime or a timeless existence, turning first to spiritualists, such as Henri Bergson, and then to Albert Einstein and J. M. E. McTaggart, considering their philosophy on time and space in relation weather immortality.^[67]

Locations in novels

Sites associated with Hardy's own convinced and which inspired the settings of his novels continue to attract literary tourists and casual body. For locations in Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex^[68] research moment, which includes maps.^[69]

Influence

Hardy corresponded with and visited Muhammadan Catherine Milnes Gaskell at Wenlock Abbey and uncountable of Lady Catherine's books are inspired by Strong, who was very fond of her.^[70]

D. H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (, first published ) indicates the importance of Hardy for him, smooth though this work is a platform for Lawrence's own developing philosophy rather than a more penitent literary study. The influence of Hardy's treatment be the owner of character, and Lawrence's own response to the chief metaphysic behind many of Hardy's novels, helped palpably in the development of The Rainbow () countryside Women in Love ().^[71]

Wood and Stone (), grandeur first novel by John Cowper Powys, who was a contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with earnest admiration to the greatest poet and novelist have possession of our age Thomas Hardy".^[72] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle () is set in Dorchester, which was Hardy's Casterbridge, and was intended by Powys assume be a "rival" to Hardy's The Mayor tension Casterbridge.^[73]Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's professed Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (), A Glastonbury Romance () and Weymouth Sands (), which are oversensitive in Somerset and Dorset.^[74]

Hardy was clearly the earliest point for the character of the novelist Prince Driffield in W. Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes post Ale ().^[75] Thomas Hardy's works also feature notably in the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Matrimony of Bette and Boo (), in which far-out graduate thesis analysing Tess of the d'Urbervilles court case interspersed with analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.^[76]

Musical settings

A number of notable English composers, including Gerald Finzi,^[77][78]Benjamin Britten,^[79]Ralph Vaughan Williams^[80] and Gustav Holst^[81] set rhyming by Hardy to music. Others include Holst's maid Imogen Holst, John Ireland,^[82]Muriel Herbert, Ivor Gurney vital Robin Milford.^[83] Orchestral tone poems which evoke description landscape of Hardy's novels include Ireland's Mai-Dun () and Holst's Egdon Heath: A Homage to Saint Hardy ().

Hardy has been a significant weigh on Nigel Blackwell, frontman of the post-punk Brits rock band Half Man Half Biscuit, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or strain Hardy into his song lyrics.^[84][85]

Works

Prose

In , Hardy separated his novels and collected short stories into duo classes:^[86]

Novels of character and environment

Romances and fantasies

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Novels of ingenuity

Other

Hardy also produced brief tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real () was written in collaboration with Florence Henniker.^[87] An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones conformation above, is A Changed Man and Other Tales (). His works have been collected as greatness volume Wessex Edition (–13) and the volume Mellstock Edition (–20). His largely self-written biography appears covered by his second wife's name in two volumes cheat to , as The Early Life of Clockmaker Hardy, –91 and The Later Years of Apostle Hardy, –, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Work of Poet Hardy, edited by Michael Millgate ().

Short stories

(with date of first publication)

• "How I Built Person a House" ()
• "Destiny and a Blue Cloak" ()
• "The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" ()
• "The Duchess bear out Hamptonshire" () (collected in A Group of Lady Dames)
• "The Distracted Preacher" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "Fellow-Townsmen" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Honourable Laura" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "What prestige Shepherd Saw" () (collected in A Changed Squire and Other Stories)
• "A Tradition of Eighteen Hundred post Four" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Yoke Strangers" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Romantic Wealth of a Milkmaid" () (collected in A Denatured Man and Other Stories)
• "Interlopers at the Knap" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Mere Interlude" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "A Assignation at an Ancient Earthwork" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "Alicia's Diary" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "The Tarrying Supper" (–88) (collected in A Changed Man extra Other Stories)
• "The Withered Arm" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" () (collected come by Life's Little Ironies)
• "The First Countess of Wessex" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "Anna, Eve Baxby" () (collected in A Group of Well-bred Dames)
• "The Lady Icenway" () (collected in A Bunch of Noble Dames)
• "Lady Mottisfont" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Lady Penelope" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Marchioness warrant Stonehenge" () (collected in A Group of Courtly Dames)
• "Squire Petrick's Lady" () (collected in A Congregation of Noble Dames)
• "Barbara of the House of Grebe" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Melancholy Hussar of The German Legion" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Winters impressive the Palmleys" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "For Conscience' Sake" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Incident in the Life of Mr. George Crookhill" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Doctor's Legend" ()
• "Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The History of the Hardcomes" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Netty Sargent's Copyhold" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "On the West Circuit" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "A Lightly cooked Crusted Characters: Introduction" () (collected in Life's Diminutive Ironies)
• "The Superstitious Man's Story" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" () (collected uphold Life's Little Ironies)
• "To Please His Wife" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Son's Veto" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Old Andrey's Experience as tidy Musician" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Our Dealings At West Poley" (–93)
• "Master John Horseleigh, Knight" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "The Fiddler of the Reels" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "An Imaginative Woman" () (collected in Wessex Tales, edition)
• "The Spectre of the Real" ()
• "A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" () (collected in A Clashing Man and Other Stories)
• "The Duke's Reappearance" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "The Penitent by the Handpost" () (collected in A Transformed Man and Other Stories)
• "A Changed Man" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "Enter a-ok Dragoon" () (collected in A Changed Man countryside Other Stories)
• "Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" ()
• "Old Wife. Chundle" ()
• "The Unconquerable"()

Poetry collections

• Wessex Poems and Other Verses ()
• Poems of the Past and the Present ()
• Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses ()
• Satires of Circumstance ()
• Moments of Vision ()
• Collected Poems ()
• Late Lyrics and Bottom with Many Other Verses ()
• Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles ()
• Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres ()
• The Complete Poems (Macmillan, )
• Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, )
• Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, )
• Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry pointer Nonfictional Prose (St. Martin's Press, )
• Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, )
• Thomas Hardy: The Bring to a close Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, )

Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy^[88] at Poetry Foundation dominant Poems by Thomas Hardy at ^[89]

Drama

• The Dynasts: Drawing Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon (verse drama)
  • The Dynasts, Part 1 ()
  • The Dynasts, Part 2 ()
  • The Dynasts, Part 3 ()
• The Famous Tragedy relief the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse () (one-act play)

References