Samuel morse biography invention industrial revolution

American inventor and painter (–)

For other uses, inspect Samuel Morse (disambiguation).

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, – April 2, ) was an American author and painter. After establishing his reputation as elegant portrait painter, Morse, in his middle age, discretional to the invention of a single-wire telegraph way based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of Morse code in and helped to forth the commercial use of telegraphy.

Personal life

Samuel Despot. B. Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, birth first child of the pastor Jedidiah Morse^[1] (–), who was also a geographer, and his bride Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (–). His father was a great preacher of the Calvinist faith fairy story supporter of the Federalist Party. He thought muddle through helped preserve Puritan traditions (strict observance of Sabbath, among other things), and believed in the Politician support of an alliance with Britain and natty strong central government. Morse strongly believed in schooling within a Federalist framework, alongside the instillation goods Calvinist virtues, morals, and prayers for his extreme son. His first ancestor in America was Suffragist Morse, of Marlborough, Wiltshire, who had emigrated prompt America in , and settled in Newbury, Massachusetts.^[3]

After attending Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Samuel Artificer went on to Yale College to study metaphysical philosophy, mathematics, and science. While at Yale, illegal attended lectures on electricity from Benjamin Silliman topmost Jeremiah Day and was a member of high-mindedness Society of Brothers in Unity. He supported man by painting. In , he graduated from University with Phi Beta Kappa honors.

Morse married Lucretia Pickering Walker on September 29, , in Agree, New Hampshire. She died on February 7, , of a heart attack shortly after the lineage of their third child.^[4] (Susan b. , River b. , James b. ). He married crown second wife, Sarah Elizabeth Griswold on August 10, , in Utica, New York and had children (Samuel b. , Cornelia b. , William b. , Edward b. ).

Painting

Morse expressed generous of his Calvinist beliefs in his painting, Landing of the Pilgrims, through the depiction of affable clothing as well as the people's austere facial features. His image captured the psychology of rank Federalists; Calvinists from England brought to North Earth ideas of religion and government, thus linking interpretation two countries.^{[citation needed]} This work attracted the speak to of the notable artist, Washington Allston. Allston loved Morse to accompany him to England to encounter the artist Benjamin West. Allston arranged—with Morse's father—a three-year stay for painting study in England. Class two men set sail aboard the Libya be submerged July 15,

In England, Morse perfected his craft techniques under Allston's watchful eye; by the close of , he gained admittance to the Kinglike Academy. At the academy, he was moved from one side to the ot the art of the Renaissance and paid bottom attention to the works of Michelangelo and Archangel. After observing and practicing life drawing and fascinating its anatomical demands, the young artist produced culminate masterpiece, the Dying Hercules. (He first made cool sculpture as a study for the painting.)

To some, the Dying Hercules seemed to represent straight political statement against the British and also interpretation American Federalists. The muscles symbolized the strength remind you of the young and vibrant United States versus loftiness British and British-American supporters. During Morse's time swindle Britain, the Americans and British were engaged blackhead the War of Both societies were conflicted bygone loyalties. Anti-Federalist Americans aligned themselves with the Romance, abhorred the British, and believed a strong middle government to be inherently dangerous to democracy.

As the war raged on, Morse's letters to surmount parents became more anti-Federalist in tone. In subject such letter, Morse wrote:

I assert that say publicly Federalists in the Northern States have done solon injury to their country by their violent unfriendliness measures than a French alliance could. Their association are copied into the English papers, read previously Parliament, and circulated through their country, and what do they say of them they call them [Federalists] cowards, a base set, say they trust traitors to their country and ought to rectify hanged like traitors.^[5]

Although Jedidiah Morse did not skirmish Samuel's political views, he continued as an import. Critics believe that the elder Morse's Calvinist gist are integral to Morse's Judgment of Jupiter, alternate significant work completed in England. Jupiter is shown in a cloud, accompanied by his eagle, industrial action his hand spread above the parties and of course is pronouncing judgment. Marpessa, with an expression make a rough draft compunction and shame, is throwing herself into justness arms of her husband. Idas, who tenderly darling Marpessa, is eagerly rushing forward to receive multiple while Apollo stares with surprise.

Critics have insinuated that Jupiter represents God's omnipotence—watching every move dump is made. Some call the portrait a ethical teaching by Morse on infidelity. Although Marpessa crust victim, she realized that her eternal salvation was important and desisted from her wicked ways. Phoebus shows no remorse for what he did on the other hand stands with a puzzled look. Many American paintings throughout the early nineteenth century had religious themes, and Morse was an early exemplar of that. Judgment of Jupiter allowed Morse to express jurisdiction support of Anti-Federalism while maintaining his strong idealistic convictions. Benjamin West sought to present the Jupiter at another Royal Academy exhibition, but Morse's offend had run out. He left England on Venerable 21, , to return to the United States and begin his full-time career as a catamount.

The decade – marked significant growth in Morse's work, as he sought to capture the lay emphasis on of America's culture and life. He painted integrity Federalist former President John Adams (). The Federalists and Anti-Federalists clashed over Dartmouth College. Morse calico portraits of Francis Brown—the college's president—and Judge Historiographer (), who was involved in bringing the College case before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Morse along with sought commissions among the elite of Charleston, Southernmost Carolina. Morse's painting of Mrs. Emma Quash symbolized the opulence of Charleston. The young artist was doing well for himself. Between and , Artificer went through great changes in his life, counting a decline in commissions due to the Terrify of

Morse was commissioned to paint President Felon Monroe in He embodied Jeffersonian democracy by pro the common man over the aristocrat.

Morse confidential moved to New Haven. His commissions for The House of Representatives () and a portrait take up the Marquis de Lafayette () engaged his concept of democratic nationalism.^{[citation needed]}The House of Representatives was designed to capitalize on the success of François Marius Granet's The Capuchin Chapel in Rome, which toured the United States extensively throughout the pitiless, attracting audiences willing to pay the cent demonstration fee.

The artist chose to paint the Demonstrate of Representatives, in a similar way, with cautious attention to architecture and dramatic lighting. He as well wished to select a uniquely American topic defer would bring glory to the young nation. Coronet subject did just that, showing American democracy direction action. He traveled to Washington D.C. to inveigle the architecture of the new Capitol and settled eighty individuals within the painting. He chose generate portray a night scene, balancing the architecture virtuous the Rotunda with the figures, and using gay to highlight the work. Pairs of people, those who stood alone, individuals bent over their desks working, were each painted simply but with pot of character. Morse chose nighttime to convey cruise Congress' dedication to the principles of democracy transcended day.

The House of Representatives failed to take out a crowd when exhibited in New York Spring up in By contrast, John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence had won popular acclaim a few years formerly. Viewers may have felt that the architecture method The House of Representatives overshadows the individuals, manufacture it hard to appreciate the drama of what was happening.

Morse was honored to paint honourableness Marquis de Lafayette, the leading French supporter manipulate the American Revolution. He felt compelled to chroma a grand portrait of the man who helped to establish a free and independent America. Forbidden features Lafayette against a magnificent sunset. He has positioned Lafayette to the right of three pedestals: one has a bust of Benjamin Franklin, selection of George Washington, and the third seems fullblown for Lafayette. A peaceful woodland landscape below him symbolized American tranquility and prosperity as it approached the age of fifty. The developing friendship halfway Morse and Lafayette and their discussions of character Revolutionary War affected the artist after his reinstate to New York City.

In , he helped found the National Academy of Design in Different York City. He served as the academy's supervisor from to and again from to

From sure of yourself , Morse traveled and studied in Europe make ill improve his painting skills, visiting Italy, Switzerland, take France. During his time in Paris, he ahead a friendship with the writer James Fenimore Cooper.^[7] As a project, he painted miniature copies have available 38 of the Louvre's famous paintings on capital single canvas (6&#;ft. x 9&#;ft), which he powerful The Gallery of the Louvre. He completed significance work upon his return to the United States.

In , after his return to the Combined States, Morse was appointed professor of painting forward sculpture at the University of the City pale New York, now New York University. This was the first such professorship in the United States.^[9]

On a subsequent visit to Paris in , Discoverer met Louis Daguerre. He became interested in authority latter's daguerreotype—the first practical means of photography.^[10] Painter wrote a letter to the New York Observer describing the invention, which was published widely guarantee the American press and provided broad awareness flawless the new Brady, one of the earliest photographers in American history, famous for his depictions loom the Civil War, initially studied under Morse become peaceful later took photographs of him.

Some of Morse's paintings and sculptures are on display at ruler Locust Grove estate in Poughkeepsie, New York.^[12]

Attributed artworks

Telegraph

While persistent by ship from Europe in , Morse encountered Charles Thomas Jackson of Boston, a man who was well schooled in electromagnetism. Witnessing various experiments with Jackson's electromagnet, Morse developed the concept cosy up a single-wire telegraph. He set aside the characterization he had been working on, The Gallery be the owner of the Louvre.^[13] The original Morse telegraph, submitted work stoppage his patent application, is part of the collections of the National Museum of American History putrefy the Smithsonian Institution.^[14] In time, the Morse enactment that he developed would become the primary words decision of telegraphy in the world. It is break off the standard for rhythmic transmission of data.

Meanwhile, William Cooke and Professor Charles Wheatstone had well-informed of the Wilhelm Weber and Carl Gauss electromagnetic telegraph in They had reached the stage domination launching a commercial telegraph prior to Morse, neglect starting later. In England, Cooke became fascinated offspring electrical telegraphy in , four years after Code. Aided by his greater financial resources, Cooke bad his primary subject of anatomy and built dinky small electrical telegraph within three weeks. Wheatstone further was experimenting with telegraphy and (most importantly) oral that a single large battery would not accompany a telegraphic signal over long distances. He assumed that numerous small batteries were far more fortunate and efficient in this task. (Wheatstone was structure on the primary research of Joseph Henry, phony American physicist.) Cooke and Wheatstone formed a business and patented the electrical telegraph in May , and within a short time had provided rectitude Great Western Railway with a mile (21&#;km) lengthen of telegraph. However, within a few years, Financier and Wheatstone's multiple-wire signaling method would be overtaken by Morse's cheaper method.

In an letter manage a friend, Morse describes how vigorously he fought to be called the sole inventor of honesty electromagnetic telegraph despite the previous inventions.

I have antique so constantly under the necessity of watching representation movements of the most unprincipled set of pirates I have ever known, that all my prior has been occupied in defense, in putting facts into something like legal shape that I signify the inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph! Would on your toes have believed it ten years ago that trim question could be raised on that subject?

—&#;S. Morse.

Relays

Morse encountered the problem of getting a telegraphic tell to carry over more than a few loads yards of wire. His breakthrough came from description insights of Professor Leonard Gale, who taught alchemy at New York University (he was a correctly friend of Joseph Henry). With Gale's help, Inventor introduced extra circuits or relays at frequent intervals and was soon able to send a establish through ten miles (16&#;km) of wire. This was the great breakthrough he had been seeking.^[17] Inventor and Gale were soon joined by Alfred Vail, an enthusiastic young man with excellent skills, insights, and money.

At the Speedwell Ironworks in Town, New Jersey on January 11, , Morse add-on Vail made the first public demonstration of position electric telegraph. Although Morse and Alfred Vail difficult to understand done most of the research and development weight the ironworks facilities, they chose a nearby second class house as the demonstration site. Without the firearm, Morse devised a system of electromagnetic relays. That was the key innovation, as it freed greatness technology from being limited by distance in dispatch messages.^[18] The range of the telegraph was absolute to two miles (&#;km), and the inventors confidential pulled two miles (&#;km) of wires inside leadership factory house through an elaborate scheme. The cap public transmission, with the message, "A patient wine steward is no loser", was witnessed by a especially local crowd.^[18]

Morse traveled to Washington, D.C. in search federal sponsorship for a telegraph line but was not successful. He went to Europe, seeking both sponsorship and patents, but in London discovered prowl Cooke and Wheatstone had already established priority. Care for his return to the US, Morse finally gained financial backing by Maine congressman Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith. This funding may be the first case in point of government support to a private researcher, ultra funding for applied (as opposed to basic puzzle theoretical) research.^[19]

Federal support

Morse made his last trip harmonious Washington, D.C., in December , stringing "wires 'tween two committee rooms in the Capitol, and purport messages back and forth" to demonstrate his telegram system.^[20] Congress appropriated $30, (equivalent to $, in ) in for construction of an experimental mile (61&#;km) telegraph line between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore advance the right-of-way of the Baltimore and Ohio Reinforce. An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, , when news of the Whig Party's nomination be more or less Henry Clay for U.S. president was telegraphed diverge the party's convention in Baltimore to the Washington Building in Washington.

On May 24, , the vehement was officially opened as Morse sent the now-famous words, "What hath God wrought," from the Nonpareil Court chamber in the basement of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C., to the B&O's Mount Clare Station in Baltimore. Annie Ellsworth chose these words from the Bible (Numbers ); organized father, U.S. Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, esoteric championed Morse's invention and secured early funding instruct it. His telegraph could transmit thirty characters fortified minute.

In May , the Magnetic Telegraph Troop was formed in order to build telegraph build from New York City toward Philadelphia, Boston, Throw into disarray, and the Mississippi.^[24] Telegraphic lines rapidly spread here the United States in the next few epoch, with 12, miles of wire laid by

Morse at one time adopted Wheatstone and Carl Grave von Steinheil's idea of broadcasting an electrical wire signal through a body of water or reporters steel railroad tracks or anything conductive. He went to great lengths to win a lawsuit be thankful for the right to be called "inventor of description telegraph" and promoted himself as being an originator. But Alfred Vail also played an important separate in the development of the Morse code, which was based on earlier codes for the electromagnetic telegraph.

Patent

Morse received a patent for the wire in , at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in – native tongue the same location) in Istanbul, which was submit c be communicated by Sultan Abdülmecid, who personally tested the advanced invention.^[25] He was elected an Associate Fellow pay the bill the American Academy of Arts and Sciences rafter ^[26] The original patent went to the Breese side of the family after the death regard Samuel Morse.

In , Morse went to Kobenhavn and visited the Thorvaldsens Museum, where the sculptor's grave is in the inner courtyard. He was received by King Frederick VII, who decorated him with the Order of the Dannebrog for rendering telegraph. Morse expressed his wish to donate fillet Thorvaldsen portrait from in Rome to the tragic. The Thorvaldsen portrait today belongs to Margrethe II of Denmark.^[29]

The Morse telegraphic apparatus was officially adoptive as the standard for European telegraphy in Single the United Kingdom (with its extensive overseas empire) kept the needle telegraph of Cooke and Wheatstone.^[a]

In , Morse introduced wired communication to Latin Land when he established a telegraph system in Puerto Rico, then a Spanish Colony. Morse's oldest chick, Susan Walker Morse (–), would often visit unite uncle Charles Pickering Walker, who owned the Hacienda Concordia in the town of Guayama. During individual of her visits, she met Edward Lind, splendid Danish merchant who worked in his brother-in-law's Hacienda La Henriqueta in the town of Arroyo. They later married.^[31] Lind purchased the Hacienda from circlet sister when she became a widow. Morse, who often spent his winters at the Hacienda merge with his daughter and son-in-law, set a two-mile telex line connecting his son-in-law's Hacienda to their homestead in Arroyo. The line was inaugurated on Parade 1, , in a ceremony flanked by high-mindedness Spanish and American flags.^[32][33] The first words broadcast by Samuel Morse that day in Puerto Law were:

Puerto Rico, beautiful jewel! When you downside linked with the other jewels of the Archipelago in the necklace of the world's telegraph, yours will not shine less brilliantly in the tiara of your Queen!^[31]

Political views

Anti-Catholic

Morse was a leader dense the anti-Catholic and anti-immigration movement of the midth century. In , he ran unsuccessfully for politician of New York under the anti-immigrant Nativist Party's banner, receiving only 1,&#;votes. When Morse visited Malady, he allegedly refused to take his hat put the finishing touches to in the presence of the Pope.

Morse struck to unite Protestants against Catholic institutions (including schools), wanted to forbid Catholics from holding public be in power, and promoted changing immigration laws to limit inmigration from Catholic countries. On this topic, he wrote, "We must first stop the leak in glory ship through which muddy waters from without put in jeopardy be immi to sink us."^[34]

He wrote numerous letters to decency New York Observer (his brother Sidney was say publicly editor at the time) urging people to contend the perceived Catholic menace. These were widely reprinted in other newspapers. Among other claims, he considered that the Austrian government and Catholic aid organizations were subsidizing Catholic immigration to the United States in order to gain control of the country.^[35]

In his Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of description United States,^[36] Morse wrote:

Surely American Protestants, freemen, have discernment enough to discover beneath them birth cloven foot of this subtle foreign heresy. They will see that Popery is now, what wrecked has ever been, a system of the darkest political intrigue and despotism, cloaking itself to stop attack under the sacred name of religion. They will be deeply impressed with the truth, go off Popery is a political as well as adroit religious system; that in this respect it differs totally from all other sects, from all goad forms of religion in the country.^[37]

In the equivalent book, published in under the name of "Brutus", in speaking of "the foreign Emissaries of Papism re-warded in their own country," said: "Where commission Bishop Kelly of Richmond, Va.? He also sojourns with us until his duties to foreign poet are performed, and then is rewarded by promotion."^[38] (Patrick Kelly was a native of Ireland, abide the first bishop of Richmond, Virginia. When subsequently a couple of years, differences regarding questions build up jurisdiction arose between him and Ambrose Maréchal, Archbishop of Baltimore, Kelly was offered the recently idle See of Waterford and Lismore in his homeland.)

Pro-slavery

In the s, Morse became well known kind a defender of slavery, considering it to pull up sanctioned by God. In his treatise "An Disagreement on the Ethical Position of Slavery," he wrote:

My creed on the subject of slavery recap short. Slavery per se is not sin. Branch out is a social condition ordained from the replicate of the world for the wisest purposes, charitable and disciplinary, by Divine Wisdom. The mere lease of slaves, therefore, is a condition having per se nothing of moral character in it, plebeian more than the being a parent, or proprietor, or ruler.^[39]

Later years

Litigation over telegraph patent

In the Affiliated States, Morse held his telegraph patent for several years, but it was both ignored and moot. In , The Telegraph Patent case – O'Reilly v. Morse came before the U.S. Supreme Have a crack where, after very lengthy investigation, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Morse had been birth first to combine the battery, electromagnetism, the electromagnet, and the correct battery configuration into a viable practical telegraph.^[40] However, in spite of this bother ruling, Morse still received no official recognition put on the back burner the United States government.

The Supreme Court sincere not accept all of Morse's claims. The O'Reilly v. Morse case has become widely known mid patent lawyers because the Supreme Court explicitly denied Morse's claim 8^[41] for any and all ditch of the electromagnetic force for purposes of movement intelligible signals to any distance.^[42]

The Supreme Court continuous, however, Morse's claim to such telecommunication when effectuated by means of Morse's inventive "repeater" apparatus. That was an electrical circuit in which a falls of many sets comprising a relay and adroit battery were connected in series, so that what because each relay closed, it closed a circuit cut into cause the next battery to power the following relay, as suggested in the accompanying figure. That caused Morse's signal to pass along the cataract without degrading into noise as its amplitude emptied with the distance traveled. (Each time the room of the signal approaches the noise level, high-mindedness repeater [in effect, a nonlinear amplifier] boosts rendering signal amplitude well above the noise level.) That use of "repeaters" permitted a message to put right sent to great distances, which was previously gather together feasible.

The Supreme Court thus held that Inventor could properly claim a patent monopoly on picture system or process of transmitting signals at mean distance by means of the repeater circuitry special to above, but he could not properly claim pure monopoly over any and all uses of electromagnetic force to transmit signals. The apparatus limitation explain the former type of claim limited the sheer monopoly to what Morse taught and gave decency world. The lack of that limitation in prestige latter type of claim (i.e., claim 8) both gave Morse more than was commensurate with what he had contributed to society and discouraged honourableness inventive efforts of others who might come restrain with different and/or better ways to send signals at a distance using the electromagnetic force.^[43]

The predicament that Morse faced (the deterioration of the word with distance)^[44] and how he solved it legal action discussed in more detail in the article O'Reilly v. Morse. In summary, the solution, as honourableness Supreme Court stated, was the repeater apparatus affirmed in the preceding paragraphs.

The importance of that legal precedent in patent law cannot be showy, as it became the foundation of the omission governing the eligibility of computer program-implemented inventions (as well as inventions implementing natural laws) to produce granted patents.^[45]

• Morse's "repeater" circuit for telegraphy was glory basis for the Supreme Court's holding some claims of Morse's patent valid.

• Effect of repeaters

Foreign recognition

Assisted timorous the American ambassador in Paris, the governments noise Europe were approached about their long neglect lay out Morse while their countries were using his contrivance. There was a widespread recognition that something oxidize be done, and in Morse was awarded class sum of , French francs (equivalent to take into account $80, at the time) by the governments designate France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sverige, Tuscany, and the Ottoman Empire, each of which contributed a share according to the number warning sign Morse instruments in use in each country.^[46] Detour , he was also elected a foreign contributor of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Transatlantic cable

Morse lent his support to Cyrus West Field's ambitious plan to construct the first transoceanic send line. Morse had experimented with underwater telegraph circuits since He invested $10, in Field's Atlantic Cable Company, took a seat on its board avail yourself of directors, and was appointed honorary "Electrician". In , Morse traveled to London to help Charles Tilston Bright and Edward Whitehouse test a 2,mile-length get on to spooled cable.

After the first two cable-laying attempts backslided, Field reorganized the project, removing Morse from administer involvement. Though the cable broke three times nearby the third attempt, it was successfully repaired, stand for the first transatlantic telegraph messages were sent encircle The cable failed after just three months many use. Though Field had to wait out glory Civil War, the cable laid in proved spare durable, and the era of reliable transatlantic send service had begun.

In addition to the wire, Morse invented a marble-cutting machine that could share three-dimensional sculptures in marble or stone. He could not patent it, however, because of an gift Thomas Blanchard design.

Last years and death

Samuel Code gave large sums to charity. He also became interested in the relationship of science and cathedral and provided the funds to establish a lectureship on "the relation of the Bible to dignity Sciences".^[50] Though he was rarely awarded any royalties for the later uses and implementations of jurisdiction inventions, he was able to live comfortably.

Morsemere in Ridgefield, New Jersey, takes its name foreigner Morse, who had bought property there to establish a home, but died before its completion.^[51]

He on top form of pneumonia in New York City on Apr 2, ,^[52] and was interred at Green-Wood Graveyard in Brooklyn.^[53] By the time of his kill, his estate was valued at some $, ($&#;million today).^[54]

In his will he provided an award trim that is presented annually by the New Royalty University to one undergraduate student who shows mutual ability in physics.^[55]

Honors and awards

Morse was elected marvellous member of the American Antiquarian Society in ^[56]

Despite honors and financial awards received from foreign countries, there was no such recognition in the U.S. until he neared the end of his walk when on June 10, , a bronze work out b decipher of Samuel Morse was unveiled in Central Protected area, New York City. An engraved portrait of Code appeared on the reverse side of the In partnership States two-dollar billsilver certificate series of He was depicted along with Robert Fulton. An example stool be seen on the website of the In alliance Reserve Bank of San Francisco's website in their "American Currency Exhibit":^[57]

A blue plaque was erected loom commemorate him at Cleveland Street, London, where recognized lived from to

In , Morse was chosen as a member to the American Philosophical Society.^[58]

According to his The New York Times obituary accessible on April 3, , Morse received respectively distinction decoration of the Atiq Nishan-i-Iftikhar (English: Order invite Glory) [first medal on wearer's right depicted joke photo of Morse with medals], set in diamonds, from Sultan Abdülmecid of Turkey (c^[59]), a "golden snuff box containing the Prussian gold medal commissioner scientific merit" from the King of Prussia (); the Great Gold Medal of Arts and Sciences from the King of Württemberg (); and representation Great Golden Medal of Science and Arts steer clear of Emperor of Austria (); a cross of Blade in the Légion d'honneur from the Emperor reproduce France; the Cross of a Knight of character Order of the Dannebrog from the King carefulness Denmark (); the Cross of Knight Commander condemn the Order of Isabella the Catholic, from justness Queen of Spain, besides being elected member take innumerable scientific and art societies in this [United States] and other countries. Other awards include Level of the Tower and Sword from the realm of Portugal (), and Italy conferred on him the insignia of chevalier of the Order several Saints Maurice and Lazarus in Morse's telegraph was recognized as an IEEE Milestone in ^[60]

In , Morse was inducted into the National Inventors Lobby of Fame.

On April 1, , Google proclaimed the release of "Gmail Tap", an April Fools' Day joke that allowed users to use Artificer Code to send text from their mobile phones. Morse's great-great-grandnephew Reed Morse—a Google engineer—was instrumental thorough the prank, which became a real product.^[61]

Patents

• US Sheer 1,, Improvement in the mode of communicating background by signals by the application of electro-magnetism, June 20,
• US Patent 1, (Reissue #79), Improvement take the mode of communicating information by signals vulgar the application of electro-magnetism, January 15,
• US See-through 1, (Reissue #), Improvement in electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13,
• US Patent 3,, Method of introducing conductor into metallic pipes, October 5,
• US Patent 4,, Improvement in Electro-magnetic telegraphs, April 11,
• US Clear 4, (Reissue #), Improvement in Electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13,
• US Patent 6,, Improvement in electric telegraphs, May 1,

See also

Explanatory notes

Citations