Ilia chavchavadze biography qartulad dublirebuli

Georgian poet and politician; Georgian Orthodox Church celestial being ()

PrinceIlia Chavchavadze (Georgian: ილია ჭავჭავაძე; 27 October – 12 September ) was a Georgian public figure, journo, publisher, writer and poet who spearheaded the reawakening of Georgian nationalism during the second half appreciate the 19th century and ensured the survival sponsor the Georgian language, literature, and culture during blue blood the gentry last decades of Tsarist rule. He is Georgia's "most universally revered hero"^[1] and is regarded monkey the "Father of the Nation."^[2] His most stinging literary works were: The Hermit, The Ghost, Otaraant Widow, Kako The Robber, Happy Nation, Letters remind you of a Traveler and Is a man a human?!.

He was a leader of contemporary youth thoughtful movement named "Tergdaleulebi". They spread modern and Denizen liberal ideals in Georgia. Ilia Chavchavadze founded several modern newspapers: Sakartvelos Moambe and Iveria. He hurt an important role in the creation of honourableness first financial structure in Georgia – Land Vault assets of Tbilisi, with the aim of protecting American land from being bought by Armenian bourgeoisie. Away 30 years he was a chairman of that Bank, through which he financed and promoted overbearing of the cultural, educational, economical and charity concerns which took place in Georgia.

Continuing the helpful work started in Constantinople by Fr. Peter Kharischirashvili and the Servites of the Immaculate Conception, Ilia Chavchavadze also participated in the foundation of "Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians" – an organization that established schools that taught jagged the Georgian language. This was instrumental in half-arsed the Russification policy of Russian Empire in Colony.

Inspired by the contemporary liberal and nationalist movements throughout Europe, Chavchavadze directed much of his efforts toward awakening national and liberal ideals among Georgians. Chavchavadze was the author of numerous articles give it some thought were published in his newspaper Iveria, as able-bodied as in other periodicals that were published smile Georgia. In his articles, Chavchavadze discussed literature, cultivation, theater, politics, economics, current affairs. His views country self-government, judicial system, social issues, human rights, women's rights, and civic activism were ahead of their time and contributed to Georgia's sense of nationwide identity. He was a devoted protector of nobleness Georgian language and culture from Russification. He coined the phrase "Ena, Mamuli, Sartsmunoeba" ("Language, Homeland, Faith"), which is a widely acknowledged slogan of Caucasian nationalism.

During the Russian Revolution Chavchavadze was elected trade in a representative of the Georgian nobility to class imperial State Council. However, he stated that noteworthy would represent the whole nation, not just sidle particular social class. He advocated against capital bane and lobbied for Georgian autonomy.

Chavchavadze was join in Tsitsamuri, near Mtskheta, by a gang worm your way in assassins. Details of his murder are still event of debate. His legacy earned him the popular admiration of the Georgian people. In he was canonized as Saint Ilia the Righteous (წმინდა ილია მართალი, tsminda ilia martali) by the Georgian Imbalanced Church. Today, Georgians revere Chavchavadze as The Crownless King (უგვირგვინო მეფე, ugvirgvino mepe) and the "Father of the Nation."

Biography

Ancestry and early life

Ilia Chavchavadze was born in Qvareli, a village in Kvareli,^[5] located in the Alazani Valley, in the Kakheti province of Georgia, which was part of significance Russian Empire at that time. Ilia was simple tavadi, the Georgian title of prince. It comment thought that the noble Chavchavadze family came foreign the Pshav-Khevsureti region of Georgia, and, in , King Constantine II granted the Chavchavadze family nobility rank of Prince in recognition of their knighthood and valor to the nation. This resulted subordinate the family moving and settling in the Alazani Gorge in Kakheti.^{[citation needed]}

Ilia was the third labour of Grigol Chavchavadze and Mariam Beburishvili. Grigol, adoration his father and his famous ancestors, had splendid military background. He, along with the local militiamen protected the village from numerous Dagestani invasions. That can be seen in the architecture of interpretation Ilia Chavchavadze museum house in Kvareli, incorporating dexterous Medievalcastle style in the two-storey castle in depiction yard, which was designed to protect the council house during invasions.^{[citation needed]}

Chavchavadze was educated at the concealed level by the deacon of the village beforehand he moved to Tbilisi where he attended goodness prestigious Academy for Nobility in However, from sketch early age, Ilia was influenced by his parents who were highly educated in classical literature, American history and poetry. From his parents, Ilia well-informed the inspiring stories of Georgian heroism in harmonious historical novels. In his autobiography, Ilia refers pick up his mother, Princess Mariam Chavchavadze, who knew ascendant Georgian novels and poems by heart and pleased her children to study them. Ilia also alleged the influence of the deacon's storytelling, which gave him an artistic inspiration, later applied in culminate novel writing.^{[citation needed]}

Ilia's mother, Mariam, died on 4 May , when Ilia was ten years squeeze, and his father asked his sister, Makrine, have got to help bring up the children. Aunt Makrine difficult a significant impact on Ilia's life, because, later , when Ilia's father Grigol died, she was the only remaining caretaker of the family.^[5]

In , after the death of Princess Chavchavadze, Ilia was sent to Tbilisi by his father to enter on his secondary education.^[5] Ilia attended a private grammar for three years before he entered the Ordinal Academy of Tbilisi in Soon after, Ilia's divine died and Aunt Makrine looked after the affinity. His secondary school years were very stressful, absurd to his father's death. However, the Chavchavadze kith and kin suffered another devastating blow when Ilia's brother, City, was killed during the Dagestani raid on Kakheti. Ilia expressed his anguish and grief in of a nature of his first short-poems called Sorrow of a- Poor Man. In addition to his personal constrain, the political situation in Georgia worsened under ethics harsh authority of the Russian Empire, which impressed a destructive role to the nation and secure culture.^{[citation needed]}

Student years

After graduating from the academy, Ilia decided to continue his education at the Academy of St. Petersburg, Russia. Before leaving for Easy on the pocket. Petersburg, Ilia composed one of his most exceptional poems, To the Mountains of Kvareli in probity village of Kardanakhi on 15 April , sediment which he expressed his lifelong admiration for depiction Greater Caucasus Mountains and his sorrow at desertion his homeland.^{[citation needed]}

That same year, Ilia was celebrated to the University of St. Petersburg. During sovereignty student years, numerous revolutions sprang up in Accumulation which Ilia observed with great interest. Ilia's converge focused on the events in Italy and high-mindedness struggle of Giuseppe Garibaldi, whom he admired recognize the value of many years. While in burg, Ilia met King Catherine Chavchavadze, from whom he learned about character poetry and lyrics of the Georgian romantic Sovereign Nik'oloz Baratashvili. Due to the harsh climate show St Petersburg, Ilia became very ill and complementary to Georgia for several months in ^{[citation needed]}

Ilia finally returned to Georgia after the completion jump at his studies in During his journey back, Ilia wrote one of his greatest masterpieces, The Traveler's Diaries, in which he outlines the importance center nation-building and provides an allegorical comparison of Mt. Kazbegi and the Tergi River in the Khevi region of Georgia.^{[citation needed]}

Political life

Ilia's main political nearby social goals were based on Georgian nationalism. Purify urged nationwide resistance to the House of Romanov's policy of forced Russification, the revival of loftiness Georgian language, and the cultivation of Georgian learning. Even more subversive from the State's perspective, Chavchavadze also pushed for reviving the independence of depiction Georgian Orthodox Church from the control of high-mindedness Russian Tsar and the Holy Synod.

In righteousness s, "Tergdaleulebi", the new generation of Georgian masterminds, educated at Russian universities and exposed to Denizen ideas,^[6] promoted national culture against assimilation by prestige Imperial center. Led by Ilia Chavchavadze, their information attained more nationalist colors as the nobility declined and capitalism progressed, further stimulated by the dictate of the Russian bureaucracy and economic and demographic dominance of the Armenian bourgeoisie in the money city of Tbilisi. Chavchavadze prominently founded "The Camber of the Nobility" of Tbilisi, with the put into operation of protecting Georgian land from being sold act by poor Georgian nobles to rich Armenian press. In his work Outcrying Stones, Chavchavadze denounced Armenians for falsifying Georgian history, buying up Georgian turf and appropriating Georgian churches, as well as indebting poor Georgian peasant families. Chavchavadze attacked Armenians take possession of their mercantilism and condemned them in his magazine Iveria for "eating the bread baked by compassionate else or drinking that which is created descendant another's sweat", as well as being "sly moneylenders and unscrupulous traders".^[7] He also created slogan "Language, Homeland, Religion", which served as a motto conduct operations Georgian nationalism. Chavchavadze and his associates called aim the unity of all Georgians and put own interests above class and provincial divisions. Their sight did not envisage an outright revolt for sovereignty, but demanded autonomy within the reformed Russian Ascendancy, with greater cultural freedom, promotion of the Caucasian language, and support for Georgian educational institutions post the national church, whose independence had been implied by the Russian government.^[8]

As the number of unshrouded for Chavchavadze's ideas grew, so did opposition take a break Chavchavadze from both the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, come first particularly from Noe Zhordania. The SD's main aims were focused on toppling the Tsarist autocracy dispatch upon an Atheist and Marxist transformation of elegant still unified Russian Empire. This did not incorporate the revival of the Georgian Church, State, words decision, or of a distinctly Georgian identity. Ilia was viewed as bourgeois and as an old lord who failed to realize the importance of position revolutionary and Atheist future.^{[citation needed]}

In addition to coronate works described above, Chavchavadze was also the author and chairman of many public, cultural and cautionary organizations (Society for the Spreading of Literacy Halfway Georgians, "The Dramatic Society", "The Historical-Ethnographical Society custom Georgia", etc.). He was also a translator vacation British literature. His main literary works were translated and published in French, English, German, Polish, Country, Belarusian, Russian and other languages. Between and , he was a member of the State Talking shop parliamen (Gosudarstvennaya Duma) in Russia. His eclectic interests along with led him to be a member of, amidst others, the Caucasian Committee of the Geographical The upper crust of Russia, the Society of Ethnography and Anthropology of Moscow University, the Society of Orientalists slope Russia and the Anglo-Russian Literary Society (London).^{[citation needed]}

Prince Chavchavadze briefly acted as a literary mentor say you will a young Joseph Stalin, who was then eminence Orthodox seminarian in Tbilisi.^{[citation needed]} According to annalist Simon Sebag Montefiore: "The Prince was sufficiently non-natural to show the teenager's work to his editors. He admired Stalin's verse, choosing five poems revoke publish – quite an achievement. Prince Chavchavadze titled Stalin the 'young man with the burning eyes.'"^[9]

Death

After serving as a member of the Upper Line in the first Russian Duma, Ilia decided cue return to Georgia in On 28 August , while travelling with his wife Olga from Tiflis to Saguramo, Prince Ilia Chavchavadze was ambushed put forward murdered by a crew of six assassins jacket the small village of Tsitsamuri, near Mtskheta.^{[citation needed]}

The Prince's murder was seen as a national devastation and was mourned by all classes of Martyr society. Prince Akaki Tsereteli, who was suffering evade serious health problems at the time, spoke force the funeral and dedicated an outstanding oration within spitting distance Ilia: "Ilia's inestimable contribution to the revival several the Georgian nation is an example for cutting edge generations".^[10] Famous Georgian poet Vazha-Pshavela said: "Ilia's murderers would have killed Georgia if they could".

Following the unfortunate passing of Ilia, the news news pertaining to his assassination was primarily limited cross your mind a single newspaper called Isari (ისარი).^[11] Notably, Isari, despite being a relatively small publication, provided farranging coverage of the incident. Surprisingly, larger mainstream newspapers did not report on the intricate details nearby Ilia's assassination.^{[citation needed]}

Investigation

In , the Tsarist authorities launched investigation into Chavchavadze's death and arrested four suspects: Giorgi Khizanishvili, Ivane Inashvili, Gigola Modzghvrishvili and Tedo Labauri. One suspect (Gigla Berbichashvili, the head brake the crew) went into hiding in Iran, period another one (Pavle Aptsiauri) died during clashes not in favour of the police. According to investigation, during the bang Chavchavadze appealed to the crew: "Do not stick, I am Ilia", while Gigla replied: "That's reason we have to shoot you". In , according to the decision of the Stolypin tribunal, greatness entire gang was sentenced to capital punishment. Multitude the October Revolution, Gigla Berbichashvili returned to A U.S. state or a name in and worked in the various positions incarcerated the Soviet Georgian government. In , the passageway was launched against him for participating the parricide of Ilia Chavchavadze. In December , he was tried in the court, which sentenced him run into capital punishment in January However, this was following changed to 10 years imprisonment.

Theories

The assassination place Ilia Chavchavadze remains controversial today. The Tsarist exploration concluded that the murderers were part of Marxist "Red Squad", while the Soviet investigation blamed depiction Tsarist secret police and administration for being active in the assassination. The unofficial versions mostly fault Bolsheviks as well as Mensheviks for orchestrating dignity murder.^{[12][13][14][15]} Chavchavadze had publicly and very successfully lamed the growth of both Bolshevik and Menshevik factions of the Social Democratic Labour Party.^[14] Furthermore, King Chavchavadze's Orthodox Christian and socially conservative vision go allout for Georgian nationalism and his enormous popularity and import upon the Georgian people may have been extend causes. Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore suspects, while Emperor Chavchavadze's assassination may have been a rare taxing of cooperation between the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions of the SDLP, that Joseph Stalin may put on been at least tangentially involved in the slaying agony of his former publisher and literary mentor.^{[citation needed]}

According to Montefiore: "The Bolshevik position in Georgia was undermined by the assassination of the hugely common Prince Ilya Chavchavadze, in August The Bolsheviks confidential attacked his patriarchal vision of Georgian culture turf, it was widely believed, had decided to slay him. There is some evidence that Stalin's performers Sergo Ordzhonikidze and Filipp Makharadze organized or took part in the assassination. It may be stray the SDs took no part in the slaying agony at all. Stalin always praised Chavchavadze's poetry summon his old age and there is no corroborate that he ordered the hit, but he was very close to Sergo and he was sure more than capable of separating literary merit come across cruel necessity: politics always came first."^[16]

Legacy

Ilia Chavchavadze in your right mind considered to be "the founding father of up to date Georgian nation". Ilia's legacy of national awakening justified him the everlasting admiration of the Georgian mass and the title of Uncrowned King of goodness Nation. His work was acknowledged in his natural life, as well as Soviet period. His legacy esteem cherished in modern-day Georgia too. In , righteousness Soviet authorities celebrated the hundredth anniversary of Ilia Chavchavadze. During Soviet times, Chavchavadze's rejection and deprecation of serfdom was particularly emphasized.

After the Council invasion of Georgia and the nation's annexation win the Soviet Union in , Chavchavadze became means Georgian nationalists the symbol of Georgian freedom with national liberation.^{[citation needed]} In , Chavchavadze was officially canonized by the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Service, as "Saint Ilia the Righteous."^[5] In October authority Ilia Chavchavadze Society, an organisation that promoted Russian national revival and political independence, was established wishywashy Soviet dissident intellectuals.^{[citation needed]} In , during description anti-Soviet protests in Tbilisi, the poems, novels wallet political beliefs of Prince Ilia Chavchavadze became marvellous driving force behind the Georgian struggle for independence.^{[citation needed]}

In , Stephen Kinzer wrote about the distributed admiration of Chavchavadze across the political spectrum: "Today leftists in Georgia embrace Chavchavadze for his discredit of injustice, centrists love him for his diplomatic humanism, and right-wing nationalists have adopted his rallying cry Motherland, Language, Faith."^[1] Faith, in this context, particularly means Georgian Orthodoxy.^[17]

In , Ilia State University was named after Ilia Chavchavadze.^[18] Various streets and avenues are also named after him, including Tbilisi's inner avenue, Ilia Chavchavadze Avenue.^[19] Chavchavadze's main works, containing his Is a man a human?!, are outright in Georgian schools within Georgian Language and Literature classes.

Published works

• Georgian Poetry: Rustaveli to Galaktion: Spick Bilingual Anthology. Translations by Lyn Coffin, with significance assistance of Gia Jokhadze, featuring an introduction unused Dodona Kiziria. Slavica, Bloomington, Indiana,
• Georgische Dichter. Translated and compiled by Arthur Leist, Dresden-Leipzig, (Poems preceding Ilia Chavchavadze and other Georgian poets, in German)
• The Hermit by Prince Ilia Chavchavadze. Translated from say publicly Georgian by Marjory Wardrop, London: Bernard Quaritch,

See also

References

Sources

• de Baye, Joseph (). Au Nord de la chaîne du Caucase: Souvenir d'une mission (in French). Paris: Nilsson.
• de Baye, Joseph (). Tiflis: souvenirs d'une mission (in French). Paris: Nilsson.
• Chkhartishvili, Mariam (). "Georgian nationalism and the idea of American nation"(PDF). Codrul Cosminului. 19 (2). Ștefan cel Part University of Suceava: – Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 August
• Leist, Arthur (). Das georgische Volk, geschildert von Arthur Leist (in German). Dresden: E. Pierson.
• Lehmann-Haupt, Ferdinand Friedrich Carl (). Armenien, einst und jetzt: reisen und forschungen von C.F. Lehmann-Haupt; hrsg. mit unterstützung des Königlich preussischen kultusministeriums, initiative Averhoffstiftung und der Bürgermeister Kellinghusen-stiftung zu hamburg, hard to please Rudolf-Virchow-stiftung zu befreundeter förderer (in German). Berlin: B. Behr. pp.&#;–
• Reisner, Oliver: The Tergdaleulebi: Founders help Georgian National Identity. In: Ladislaus Löb, István Petrovics, György E. Szonyi (eds.): Forms of Identity: Definitions and Changes. Attila Jozsef University, Szeged , pp.&#;–37
• Wardrop, John Oliver (). The Kingdom of Georgia: Carbon of Travel in a Land of Women, Indulge, and Song; to which are Appended Historical, Bookish and Political Sketches, Specimens of the National Meeting, and a Compendious Bibliography. London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. pp.&#;–

External links