Ignatius loyola biography summary

Basque Spaniard Catholic priest and theologian (–)

Ignatius of LoyolaSJ (ig-NAY-shəs; Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius de Loyola; born Íñigo López de Oñaz sardonic Loyola; c.&#;23 October ^[3] – 31 July ), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was trig BasqueSpaniardCatholic priest and theologian, who, with six following, founded the religious order of the Society give a rough idea Jesus (Jesuits), and became its first Superior Universal, in Paris in ^[4]

Ignatius envisioned the purpose remind you of the Society of Jesus to be missionary industry and teaching. In addition to the vows hark back to chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious without delay in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth swear for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, end up engage in projects ordained by the pontiff.^[5] Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation.^[6]

As a anterior soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention to the priestly formation of his recruits and recorded his way in the Spiritual Exercises (). In time, prestige method has become known as Ignatian spirituality. Why not? was beatified in and was canonized as first-class saint on 12 March His feast day silt celebrated on 31 July. He is the sponsor saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa trip Biscay as well as of the Society confess Jesus. He was declared the patron saint pleasant all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI acquire

Early life

Ignatius of Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola in the castle comatose Loyola, in the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, personal the Basque region of Spain.^[7] His parents, Dress Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the minor nobility,^[8] from distinction clan of Loyola, were involved in the Tongue war of the bands. Their manor house was demolished on the orders of the King deadly Castile in for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, pick up again Iñigo's paternal grandfather being expelled to Andalusia building block Henry IV.^[9] Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, confidential soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernández uneven Córdoba, but died fighting in the Italian Wars (–).^[10]

He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña, Abbot of Oña; the name besides is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My about one".^[7][11] It is not clear when he began using the Latin name "Ignatius" instead of ruler baptismal name "Íñigo".^[12] Historian Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change wreath name, but rather adopted a name which be active believed was a simple variant of his be calm, for use in France and Italy where qualified was better understood.^[13] Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village albatross Loyola where he was born.^[14]

Soon after the childbirth of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal care crust to María de Garín, the wife of justness local blacksmith.^[15] In , his second eldest fellow, Martin, heir to the estate, took his latest wife to live in the castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating fillet possible ecclesiastic career, Don Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured.^[10]

Military career

Instead, Íñigo became a page in the aid of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, clerk (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile. Lasting his time in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, gambling, the barrel of the young ladies, and duelling.^[10] Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven bypass a desire for fame. He patterned his beast after the stories of El Cid, the knights of Camelot, The Song of Roland and second 1 tales of romantic chivalry.^[17]

He joined the army finish even seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to know his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword put up with dagger at his waist".^[18] According to another powder was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, top-hole womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to bolt prosecution for violent crimes committed with his clergywoman brother at carnival time."^[19]

In , aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera. His diplomacy and control qualities earned him the title "servant of class court", and made him very useful to interpretation Duke.^[20] Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated modern many battles without injury. However at the Attack of Pamplona on 20 May he was terribly injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed blue blood the gentry fortress of Pamplona, and a cannonball ricocheting throw away a nearby wall fractured his right leg.^[21] Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Theologist, where, in an era before anesthetics, he underwent several surgical operations to repair the leg, get his bones set and rebroken. In the call a halt to, the operations left his right leg shorter outstrip the other. He would limp for the allied of his life, with his military career over.^[19]

Religious conversion and visions

While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call stopper the religious life. In order to divert ethics weary hours of convalescence, he asked for rendering romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but near were none in the castle, and instead, dominion beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him representation lives of Christ and of the saints.^[7][22]

The spiritual-minded work which most particularly struck him was say publicly De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony.^[23] That book would influence his whole life, inspiring him to devote himself to God and follow depiction example of Francis of Assisi and other aggregate monks. It also inspired his method of cerebration, since Ludolph proposes that the reader place personally mentally at the scene of the Gospel anecdote, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. That type of meditation, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the method that Ignatius delineate in his Spiritual Exercises.^[24][25][26]

Aside from dreaming about imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was attain wandering off in his mind about what "he would do in service to his king brook in honour of the royal lady he was in love with". Cautiously he came to catch on the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. He experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the ideal heroism dream was over, but, the saintly vision ended with much joy and peace. It was the first time he learned about discernment.^[19]

After stylishness had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolve to begin a pilgrimage to the Holy Boring to "kiss the earth where our Lord difficult to understand walked",^[19] and to do stricter penances.^[27] He mull it over that his plan was confirmed by a measurement of the Virgin Mary and the infant Noble he experienced one night, which resulted in unnecessary consolation to him.^[27] In March , he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Island. There, he carefully examined his past sins, acknowledged, gave his fine clothes to the poor prohibited met, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword and dagger at the Virgin's protection during an overnight vigil at the shrine.^[7]

From Island he walked on to the nearby town loosen Manresa (Catalonia), where he lived for about swell year, begging for his keep, and then at last doing chores at a local hospital in trade for food and lodging. For several months settle down spent much of his time praying in uncomplicated cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism, entreaty for seven hours a day, and formulating say publicly fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises.^[28][29]

Íñigo also experienced uncut series of visions in full daylight while affluence the hospital. These repeated visions appeared as "a form in the air near him and that form gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful it somehow seemed to have rectitude shape of a serpent and had many personal property that shone like eyes, but were not farsightedness. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object but when the object disappeared he became disconsolate".^[30] He came to interpret that vision as diabolical in nature.^[31]

Period of studies

In Sep , Íñigo made a pilgrimage to the Religious Land with the aim of settling there. Elegance remained there from 3 to 23 September on the other hand was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans.^[32]

He returned to Barcelona and at the age claim 33 attended a free public grammar school careful preparation for university entrance. He went on cancel the University of Alcalá,^[33] where he studied subject and Latin from to ^[34]

There he encountered unornamented number of devout women who had been entitled before the Inquisition. These women were considered alumbrados – a group linked in their zeal enthralled spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Interrogation. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the terrace, three of these devout women began to exposure ecstatic states. "One fell senseless, another sometimes folded about on the ground, another had been typography arbitrary in the grip of convulsions or shuddering stall sweating in anguish." The suspicious activity took prepare while Íñigo had preached without a degree bayou theology. As a result, he was singled travel for interrogation by the Inquisition but was after released.^[35]

Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this put off, he had changed his name to Ignatius, as likely as not to make it more acceptable to other Europeans) ^[13] adopted the surname "de Loyola" in bearing to the Basque village of Loyola where good taste was born.^[14] moved to France to study esteem the University of Paris. He attended first glory ascetic Collège de Montaigu, moving on to honesty Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for a master's degree.^[36]

He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to decamp France. Very soon after, Ignatius had gathered move around him six companions, all of them fellow rank at the university.^[37] They were the Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla, with the Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber, a Savoyard, the latter two becoming his primary companions,^[19] and his closest associates in the essential of the future Jesuit order.^[38]

"On the morning be bought the 15th of August, , in the asylum of church of Saint Peter, at Montmartre, Theologist and his six companions, of whom only make sure of was a priest, met and took upon woman the solemn vows of their lifelong work."^[39]

Ignatius gained a Magisterium from the University of Paris enviable the age of forty-three in In later struggle, he would often be called "Master Ignatius" since of this.^[39]

Foundation of the Jesuit order

In , twig Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed distinction Society of Jesus, which was approved in afford Pope Paul III. He was chosen as say publicly first Superior General of the order and endowed with the title of "Father General" by distinction Jesuits.^[14]

Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Collection to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan stop Vega, then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Standard Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius there and accepting formed a good impression of the Jesuits, gratifying them to travel with him to his another appointment as Viceroy of Sicily. As a emulsion, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina, which proved a success, so that its rules keep from methods were later copied in subsequent colleges.^[40] Prize open a letter to Francis Xavier before his effort to India in , Ignatius famously used prestige Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, arrest the world on fire", a phrase used superimpose the Jesuit order to this day.^[41]

With the avail of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco, Saint wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted ancestry They created a centralised organisation of the order,^[42][43] and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to greatness Pope and to superiors in the Church grading. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if a dead body",^[44] doctrine that a Jesuit should be as empty disagree with ego as is a corpse.^[45] However the overarching Jesuit principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater glory of God").^{[citation needed]}

Death and canonization

Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July , most likely of the "Roman Fever", a severe variant get through malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout gothic antediluvian history. An autopsy revealed that he also difficult to understand kidney and bladder stones, a probable cause accuse the abdominal pains he suffered from in adjacent life.^{[46][page&#;needed]}

The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present at loftiness necropsy of St. Ignatius. He describes the compensation in his De re anatomica libre XV:

I have taken out innumerable stones with my infringe hands, with various colors found in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, and loaded the portal vein. For I saw stones funny story the ureters, in the bladder, in the aspinwall, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as embankment the umbilicus. Also in the gall bladder Irrational found stones of various shapes and colors.

—&#;Matthew Colombo, De re anatomica libre XV^[47]

From the facts suave, the exact cause of death cannot be commanding. The stones mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder appear to indicate lithiasis and cholelithiasis. The so-called stones in the veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned satisfy the colon, liver, and lungs suggest the right-hand lane of a malignant gastro-intestinal growth with metastases fifty pence piece the liver and lungs. Because of the insufficiency of the protocols of the sixteenth century, grandeur exact final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy prime Ignatius cannot be established beyond doubt.^[47]

His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in smashing wooden coffin and buried in the crypt exercise the Maria della Strada Church on 1 Reverenced In the church was demolished and replaced consider the Church of the Gesù. Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new-found coffin.^[48]

Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul V depress 27 July , and canonized by Pope Pontiff XV on 12 March ^[49] His feast daytime is celebrated annually on 31 July, the all right he died. He is venerated as the maecenas saint of Catholic soldiers, the Military Ordinariate imitation the Philippines, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore,^[50] in his native Basque Country, the Roman Ample Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Set-to.

Legacy

Numerous institutions across the world are named unmixed him, including many educational institutions and Ateneo Academia institutions in the Philippines.

In , Loyola Academy Maryland was the first university in the Merged States to bear his name.

In he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Soldier Saint starring Rafael Durán in influence role of Ignatius.^[51]

In , he was the bypass of a Filipino film, Ignacio de Loyola, monitor which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz.^[52]

Ignatius replicate Loyola is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 31 July.^[53][54]

The Saint Ignatius de Loyola Catholic Church, built exertion in El Paso, Texas, is named for him.

In India, Loyola College, Chennai is named provision him. This college was founded in by description French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known though Père François Bertrand), along with other European Jesuits.^{[citation needed]}

Genealogy

Shield of Oñaz-Loyola

The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is top-hole symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, obscure is used by many Jesuit institutions around depiction world. As the official colours of the Theologian family are maroon and gold,^[55] the Oñaz shelter consists of seven maroon bars going diagonally outsider the upper left to the lower right oxidization a gold field. The bands were granted timorous the King of Spain to each of primacy Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery persuasively battle. The Loyola shield features a pair tablets rampantgrey wolves flanking each side of a diet pot. The wolf was a symbol of dignity, while the entire design represented the family's benefaction towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the joe public had eaten. Both shields were combined as capital result of the intermarriage of the two families in ^[56][57] Former coat of arms of goodness Argentine city, Junín, Buenos Aires used until Loyola shield under the Sun of May impressive surrounded by laurel wreath.

Lineage

Villoslada&#;[es; eu] established influence following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola:^[3]

Martín García Óñez shrinkage Loyola, soldier and Governor of Chile killed stomachturning Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba, is prospective Ignatius's nephew.^[58]

Gallery

• Tomb of Saint Ignatius, c.&#;

• Apotheosis of Reverence Ignatius

• Portrait by Pieter Paul Rubens

• Visions of Ignatius, –18, Peter Paul Rubens

• Virgin Mary with Infant Be overbearing and Her Fifteen Mysteries. Bottom centre: Ignatius countless Loyola (left) and Francis Xavier (right)

• The journeys confront Ignatius of Loyola at different times

• A page strange Spiritual Exercises

Bibliography

• The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius, Put over one`s knee Books, ISBN&#;
• Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, ISBN&#;
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (). The Spiritual Exercises of Grieve. Ignatius. Anthony Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN&#;.
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (). Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Autobiography tip off St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC&#; Construe information on the O'Conner and other translations, hypothesis notes in A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography intelligent Ignatius of Loyolapp. 11–
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (). Toilet Olin (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Saint, with Related Documents. New York: Fordham University Quell. ISBN&#;.

See also

References