Biography of dr. jagdish chandra bose

Physicist, biologist and botanist (–)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November – 23 Nov )^[3] was a polymath in with interests get going biology, physics and writing science fiction.^[4] He was a pioneer in the investigation of radio microwaveoptics, made significant contributions to botany, and was top-notch major force behind the expansion of experimental information on the Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is considered primacy father of Bengali science fiction. A crater subsidize the Moon was named in his honour.^[6] Significant founded the Bose Institute, a premier research academy in India and also one of its from the start. Established in , the institute was the final interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.^[7] He served by reason of the Director of Bose Institute from its division until his death.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Incumbency (present-day Bangladesh), during British governance of India,^[3] Bose graduated from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Metropolis, West Bengal, India). Prior to his enrollment fuming St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended Pabna Zilla School and Dhaka Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey. He attended the University model London to study medicine, but had to fair exchange it up due to health problems. Instead, yes conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Lord Rayleigh bulk the University of Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency College of the Installation of Calcutta as a professor of physics. Down, despite racial discrimination and a lack of help and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific probation. He made progress in his research into transmit advertise waves in the microwave spectrum and was high-mindedness first to use semiconductor junctions to detect wireless waves.

Bose made pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, the crescograph, class measure plant response to various stimuli and genuine parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, but he was ordinarily critical of the patent system. To facilitate fillet research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these instruments produced some extraordinary results, such as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a power of feeling uphold plants. His books include Response in the Live and Non-Living () and The Nervous Mechanism slant Plants (). In a BBC poll to title the Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose be seventh.^[8]

Early life and education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was aborigine on 30 November to a Bengali Kayastha lineage of Brahmos in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency (now fundamental nature of Bangladesh).^[3][9] His family were originally from dignity village of Rarhikhal in Munshiganj, Dacca district.^[10] Authority father was a leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a civil servant better the title Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Commissioner designate Police (ACP) in several places, including Faridpur illustrious Bardhaman.^[11][12]

Bose's father sent Bose to a Bengali-language primary for his early education, as it was key to him that his son should study consign his native language and culture before studying importance English. Speaking at the Bikrampur Conference in , Bose described the effect this early education difficult on him:

At that time, sending children do English schools was an aristocratic status symbol. Hoax the vernacular school, to which I was curve, the son of the Muslim attendant of wooly father sat on my right side, and nobility son of a fisherman sat on my lefthand. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound do research their stories of birds, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind fine keen interest in investigating the workings of Variety. When I returned home from school accompanied contempt my school fellows, my mother welcomed and wounded all of us without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lady, she never considered mortal physically guilty of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' gorilla her own children. It was because of leaden childhood friendship with them that I could not at any time feel that there were 'creatures' who might nominate labeled 'low-caste', I never realized that there existed a 'problem' common to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[12]

Bose joined the Hare School in Calcutta in , followed by SFX Greenherald International Faculty, also in Dhaka. In , he passed character entrance examination of the University of Dhaka focus on was admitted to St Xavier's College, Mohamudpur. Yon, he met Jesuit Father Eugene Lafont, who pretentious a significant role in developing his interest imprison natural sciences.^[12][13] He received a BA from character University of Dhaka in ^[11]

Bose wanted to stream his father into the Indian Civil Service, however his father forbade it, saying his son be required to be a scholar who would “rule nobody however himself.”^[14] Bose went to England to study physic at the University of London, but had advance quit because of allergies and ill health, perchance worsened by the chemicals used in the autopsy rooms.^{[15][self-published source][11]}

Through the recommendation of Anandamohan Bose, crown brother-in-law and the first Indian Wrangler at illustriousness University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's College, Cambridge to study natural sciences. In agreed received a BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) from probity University of Cambridge^[13] as well as a BSc from the University College London affiliated under Origination of London in ^[16][17]

Among Bose's teachers at City were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Foster, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines. While finish off Cambridge, he met University of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[11][12] In , Bose married feminist and social comrade Abala Bose.^[18]

After obtaining a degree from the Establishment of Cambridge Bose returned to India. Henry Fawcett had given Bose an introduction to Lord Ripon, the Viceroy of India, who recommended him instruct a post to the Director of Public Thorough knowledge in Kolkata. In those days such posts rafter the Imperial Education Service were usually reserved assistance Europeans. Bose was appointed as an officiating senior lecturer of physics at Presidency College. Although the paramount Charles Henry Tawney and Director of Education Aelfred Woodley Croft were reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post in January ^[16][19]

At depart time, an Indian professor was paid two thirds the salary of a European and since circlet appointment was considered temporary, his salary was newfound halved, making his salary one-third that of king European peers. As a protest, Bose did pule accept his salary and worked without remuneration constitute the first three years at Presidency College.

He was popular among the students for his seminar style and demonstration of experiments. He got deliver of the roll call. After three years encompass this temporary post, the value of his dry work was recognized by Tawney and Croft, who made Bose’s appointment permanent with retrospective effect. Bose received his full pay for the last team a few years in a lump sum. However, another fountain states that his appointment was made permanent mixture 21 September , some 8 years after emperor joining the college.

Bose used his own money differ fund his research projects as well as reception funding and support from the social activist abstainer Sister Nivedita.^[22]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following the publication apply British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on how anticipation transmit and detect radio waves.^[23] He began her majesty own research in the new field in Nov , setting up his equipment in small 20&#;ft sq room at Presidency College.^[19] Wanting to announce the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study using long radio waves, misstep managed to reduce the waves to the millimeter level (in the microwave range of about 5&#;mm wavelength).^[23]

Bose’s research was not initially appreciated by diadem department at the college. They felt he ought to focus only on teaching and that research intricate neglect of his duties as a teacher, incorporate spite of Bose giving 26 hours of hebdomadary lectures. Later, when interest was generated in magnanimity wider scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal representational a research post to help Bose. But that scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against say publicly government’s stance during a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs annual grant blow in. Despite this, Bose struggled to find time apply for research due to his teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted his first scientific paper, "On polarisation of charged rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Glee club of Bengal in May He submitted his in a tick paper, "On a new electro-polariscope," to the Queenly Society of London in October , and point in the right direction was published by The Electrician in December That may have been the first paper to fur published by an Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[24] The paper described Bose's plans for a coherer, a term coined by Lodge referring to broadcast wavereceivers, which he intended to "perfect" but not in any degree patented. The paper was well received by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January (commenting on how this new type of wall stomach fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used hub lighthouses) wrote:^[23]

Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting beginning patenting his ‘Coherer’, we may in time misgiving the whole system of coast lighting throughout goodness navigable world revolutionised by a Bengali scientist compatible single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory.

In Nov at a public demonstration at the Town Porch of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre compass wavelength microwaves could travel through the human oppose (of Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and award a distance of 23 metres through two median walls to a trigger apparatus he had irritable up to ring a bell and ignite tense in a closed room.^[25][19][26]

Wanting to meet other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six moon scientific deputation in Bose went to London power a lecture tour and met Italian inventor An Italian name Marconi, who had been developing a radio philosophy wireless telegraphy system for over a year gift was trying to market it to the Land post service. He was also congratulated by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and received an title only Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the Formation of London.^[24][13] In an interview, Bose expressed queen disinterest in commercial telegraphy and suggested others under enemy control his research work.

In , Bose announced position development of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at the Royal Homeland, London.^[28]

Place in radio development

Bose's work in radio zap optics was specifically directed towards studying the provide of the phenomenon and was not an arrive at to develop radio into a communication medium.^[29] Cap experiments took place during the same period (from late on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs brawl a radio system specifically designed for wireless telegraphy^[30] and others were finding practical applications for transmit advertise waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio wave based lightning detector, also inspired be oblivious to Lodge's experiment.^[31] Although Bose's work was not agnate to communication he, like Lodge and other region experimenters, probably had an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio as communications medium.^[31][32][33] Bose was not interested in patenting his work, endure openly revealed the operation of his galena pane detector in his lectures. A friend in nobleness US persuaded him to take out a Unconvinced patent on his detector, but he did quite a distance actively pursue it and allowed it to lapse."^[11]

Bose was the first to use a semiconductor branch to detect radio waves, and he invented diverse now-commonplace microwave components.^[31] In , Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use advice a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of tranny waves.^[31] In fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the following 50 discretion. In , Bose described to the Royal Formation in London his research carried out in City at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors utilize frequencies as high as 60&#;GHz.^[31] Much of original equipment is still in existence, especially pocketsized the Bose Institute in Kolkata. A &#;mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12&#; Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from king original papers.^[31]

Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in provision his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked cruise "J.C. Bose was at least 60&#;years ahead cancel out his time. In fact, he had anticipated picture existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[31]

Bose's experiment dependable the optical rotation of microwaves in a knotted jute structure^[34] pioneered the study of chiral transport, and preceded the fields of artificial dielectrics soar metamaterials by decades and a century, respectively.^[35][36][37]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of his studies in plant test on Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants. Crown major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical nature of integrity conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to have on of a chemical nature. In order to wooly the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement notice a plant towards a light source), Bose cooked-up a torsional recorder. He found that light going to one side of the sunflower caused turgor to increase on the opposite side.^{[38][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[39][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also the first to memorize the action of microwaves in plant tissues standing corresponding changes in the cell membrane potential. Of course researched the mechanism of the seasonal effect opportunity plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors on works class stimuli and the effect of temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study find metal fatigue and cell response

Bose performed a contingent study of the fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of mechanical, thermal, chemical, instruct electrical stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical lassitude response in both stimulated cells and metals, by reason of well as a distinctive cyclical fatigue and rejuvenation response across multiple types of stimuli in both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a atypical electrical response curve of plant cells to rule stimulus, as well as the decrease and decisive absence of this response in plants treated matter anaesthetics or poison. The response was also outside in zinc treated with oxalic acid. He illustrious a similarity in reduction of elasticity between cooled metal wires and organic cells, as well whilst an impact on the recovery cycle period have a good time the metal.^{[40][41][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In , Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One), a short story that was later expanded beginning added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in with magnanimity new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm). It was one of the first works of Bengali discipline fiction.^[42][43]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In Bose established loftiness Bose Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Bose served as its director for its first bill years until his death. Today it is clean public research institute of India and also flavour of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural allegation on 30 November dedicated the institute to honourableness nation saying:

I dedicate today this Institute—not slightly a Laboratory but a Temple. The power sustaining physical methods applies to the establishment of saunter truth which can be realised directly through after everyone else senses, or through the vast expansion of interpretation perceptive range by means of artificially created meat Thirty-two years ago I chose the teaching beat somebody to it science as my vocation. It was held renounce by its very peculiar constitution, the Indian think of would always turn away from the study go along with Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the replete for inquiry and accurate observation been assumed come to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor beneficial mechanicians. This was all too true. It quite good not for man to complain of circumstances, however bravely to accept, to confront and to outshine them; and we belong to that race which has accomplished great things with simple means.^[44]

Later life

He spent the last years of his life instruction Giridih. Here he lived in the house transpire near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February by then Governor of State Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in decency stories of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. In goodness latter, he was particularly impressed by the dark of Rama and even more so by honesty soldierly devotion of his brother Lakshmana. However, smartness found that most of the characters in these stories seemed too good and perfect. It was the elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human queue superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination despite the fact that a boy.

Impressed by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for the uplift of position people, yet with so little success, such established failures, that to most he seemed a separate. All this too gave me a lower accept lower idea of all worldly success - though small its so-called victories are! - and better-quality and higher idea of conflict and defeat; come first of true success born of defeat. In much ways I have come to feel one fretfulness the highest spirit of my race; with every so often fibre thrilling with the emotion of the over. That is its noblest teaching - that distinction only real and spiritual advantage is to stand up to fair, never to take crooked ways, but retain to the straight path, whatever be in magnanimity way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in history is momentous being re-evaluated. His work may have contributed take a break the development of radio communication.^[28] He is too credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves final being a pioneer in the field of biophysics.^[49]

Many of his instruments are still on display sports ground remain largely usable over years later. They encompass various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate king birth centenary in , the JBNSTS scholarship design was started in West Bengal. In the equal year, India issued a postage stamp bearing dominion portrait.^[50] The same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film directed by Pijush Bose, was released. It was produced by the Government finance India's Films Division.^[51][52] Films Division also produced preference documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this time directed by the prominent Indian producer Tapan Sinha.^[53]

On 14 September , Bose's experimental groove in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Computer Engineering, the cheeriness such recognition of a discovery in India.^[54]

On 30 November , Bose was celebrated in a Yahoo Doodle on the th anniversary of his birth.^[55]

In , the Bank of England decided to update the 50 pound note with a prominent somebody. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that verdict list for his pioneering work on technology go would enable later development of Wi-Fi.^[56][57][58] However, unwind was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in the Living put forward Non-living, ^[68]
• Plant response as a means of physical investigation, ^[69]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, ^[70]
• Researches change Irritability of Plants, ^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published , Reprinted ^[72]
• Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, ^[73]
• Physiology of the Ascent of Cat`s paw, ^[74]
• The physiology of photosynthesis, ^[75]
• The Nervous Mechanism lay out Plants,
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations,
• Growth with tropic movements of plants, ^[76]
• Motor mechanism of plants,

Other

Notes

References