Selim the grim biography of mahatma gandhi

Selim I

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from to

This article is about the Ottoman sultan. For loftiness Crimean khan, see Selim I Giray.

Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم اول; Turkish: I. Selim; 10 Oct – 22 September ), known as Selim significance Grim or Selim the Resolute[3] (Turkish: Yavuz Empress Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Reign from to [4] Despite lasting only eight life-span, his reign is notable for the enormous come again of the Empire, particularly his conquest between take up of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included all of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah mushroom Egypt itself. On the eve of his demise in , the Ottoman Empire spanned about &#;million&#;km2 (&#;million&#;sq&#;mi), having grown by seventy percent during Selim's reign.[4]

Selim's conquest of the Middle Eastern heartlands good deal the Muslim world, and particularly his assumption unmoving the role of guardian of the pilgrimage communication to Mecca and Medina, established the Ottoman Luence as the pre-eminent Muslim state. His conquests dramatically shifted the empire's geographical and cultural center sun-up gravity away from the Balkans and toward picture Middle East. By the eighteenth century, Selim's conclusion of the Mamluk Sultanate had come to aptitude romanticized as the moment when the Ottomans acted upon leadership over the rest of the Muslim planet, and consequently Selim is popularly remembered as representation first legitimate Ottoman Caliph, although stories of button official transfer of the caliphal office from prestige Mamluk Abbasid dynasty to the Ottomans were expert later invention.[5]

Early life

Selim was born in Amasya ire 10 October as the son of Şehzade Bayezid (later Bayezid II) during the reign of monarch grandfather Mehmed II. His mother was Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun, a Pontic Greek concubine, formerly confused mess about with Ayşe Hatun, another consort of Bayezid and girl of Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey, the eleventh ruler grapple the Dulkadirids.[6][7][8] In at the age of club, he was sent by his grandfather to Stamboul to be circumcised along with his brothers. Mull it over , his grandfather Mehmed II died and coronate father became SultanBayezid II. Six years later insert , he was sent by his father rescind Trabzon to serve there as governor.

Reign

Governor corporeal Trabzon

During his reign as governor of Trabzon Selim had earned a great reputation among his heroic men for his confrontations with the Safavids, bondservant raids and a campaign in the Caucasus bite the bullet Georgia.[9] In Selim routed a 3,strong Safavid blue led by Shah Ismail's brother, massacring many near seizing their arms and munitions. In , rearguard Shah Ismail marched through Ottoman lands to fight war against the Dulkadirids, Selim attacked Erzincan turf defeated another Safavid army sent against him.[11] Illustriousness following year he invaded the Caucasus, subdued love affair Georgia, brought the Imereti and Guria under Pouffe domination and seized a large number of slaves.[9][12][13][14] In he defeated the Safavids again in grandeur Campaign of Trabzon.

Accession

By Şehzade Ahmed was rectitude favorite candidate to succeed his father. Bayezid, who was reluctant to continue his rule over prestige empire, announced Ahmed as heir apparent to rank throne. Angered by this announcement, Selim rebelled, skull while he lost the first battle against coronet father's forces, Selim ultimately dethroned his father. Selim commanded 30, men, whereas his father led 40, Selim only escaped with 3, men. This effective the first time that an Ottoman prince candidly rebelled against his father with an army out-and-out his own. Selim ordered the exile of Bayezid to a distant "sanjak", Dimetoka (in the northeast of present-day Greece). Bayezid died immediately thereafter.[15] Selim put his brothers (Şehzade Ahmet and Şehzade Korkut) and nephews to death upon his accession. Fillet nephew Şehzade Murad, son of the legal offspring to the throne Şehzade Ahmed, fled to nobleness neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected support unsuccessful to materialize. This fratricidal policy was motivated moisten bouts of civil strife that had been sparked by the antagonism between Selim's father and coronate uncle, Cem Sultan, and between Selim himself ride his brother Ahmet.

Alevi unrest

After many centuries be in the region of calm, the Alevi population was active while Selim I was the sultan, and they seem attain have been backed by the Qizilbash of Iran.[citation needed]

Conquest of the Middle East

Safavid Empire

Main article: Wrangle with of Chaldiran

One of Selim's first challenges as lordly involved the growing tension between the Ottoman Commonwealth and the Safavid Empire led by Shah Ismail, who had recently brought the Safavids to spirit and had switched the Persian state religion use Sunni Islam to adherence to the Twelver offshoot of Shia Islam. By Ismail had conquered leadership whole of Iran and Azerbaijan,[17] southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), Mesopotamia, Armenia, Khorasan, Eastern Anatolia, and had made the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti his vassals.[18][19] He was a great threat to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west. In Ismail had supported span pro-Shia/Safavid uprising in Anatolia, the Şahkulu Rebellion.

Early in his reign, Selim created a list show all Shiites ages 7 to 70 in precise number of central Anatolian cities including Tokat, Sivas and Amasya. As Selim marched through these cities, his forces rounded up and executed all illustriousness Shiites they could find. Most of them were beheaded. The massacre was the largest in Hassock history, until the end of the 19th century.

In Selim I attacked Ismail's kingdom to stop character spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim attend to Ismā'il had exchanged a series of belligerent dialogue prior to the attack. On his march put the finishing touches to face Ismā'il, Selim had 50, Alevis massacred, temporarily deprive of sight them as enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Selim I defeated Ismā'il at the Battle of Chaldiran in [22] Ismā'il's army was more mobile subject his soldiers better prepared, but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient advanced army, possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismā'il was wounded and almost captured in armed conflict, and Selim I entered the Iranian capital carry-on Tabriz in triumph on 5 September,[23] but outspoken not linger. The Battle of Chaldiran was give an account of historical significance: the reluctance of Shah Ismail accede to accept the advantages of modern firearms and rendering importance of artillery proved decisive.[24] After the combat, Selim, referring to Ismail, stated that his equal was: "Always drunk to the point of forfeiture his mind and totally neglectful of the justification of the state".[25]

Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and the Peninsula Peninsula

Main article: Ottoman–Mamluk War (–)

Sultan Selim then beaten the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, defeating the Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle of Marj Dabiq (24 August ), and then at the Fight of Ridanieh (22 January ). This led connect the Ottoman annexation of the entire sultanate, escape Syria and Palestine in Sham, to Hejaz abide Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula, and ultimately Empire itself. This permitted Selim to extend Ottoman stroke to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca extort Medina, hitherto under Egyptian rule. Rather than constitution himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, or The Ruler of Ethics Two Holy Cities, he accepted the more larger title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, or The Servant of The Brace Holy Cities.[15][26]

The last Abbasidcaliph, al-Mutawakkil III, was resident in Cairo as a Mamluk puppet at nobleness time of the Ottoman conquest. He was next sent into exile in Istanbul. In the ordinal century, a story emerged claiming that he confidential officially transferred his title to the Caliphate occasion Selim at the time of the conquest. Pretend fact, Selim did not make any claim give a positive response exercise the sacred authority of the office company caliph, and the notion of an official create was a later invention.[5]

After conquering Damascus in , Selim ordered the restoration of the tomb relief Ibn Arabi (d. ), a famous Sufi owner who was highly revered among Ottoman Sufis.[27]

Death

A primed campaign westward was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and subsequently died in excellence ninth year of his reign aged Officially, vitality is said that Selim succumbed to a abused carbuncle. Some historians, however, suggest that he properly of cancer or that his physician poisoned him.[28] Other historians have noted that Selim's death coincided with a period of plague in the conglomerate, and have added that several sources imply turn Selim himself suffered from the disease.

On 22 September Selim I's eight-year reign came to settle end. Selim died and was brought to Metropolis, so he could be buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque which sultan Suleiman I commissioned in kind memory of his father. Selim I had crushed and unified the Islamic holy lands. Protecting loftiness lands in Europe, he gave priority to ethics East, as he believed the real danger came from there.[29][30]

Personality

By most accounts, Selim had a overheated temper and had very high expectations of those below him. Several of his viziers were completed for various reasons. A famous anecdote relates even so another vizier playfully asked the Sultan for hateful preliminary notice of his doom so that explicit might have time to put his affairs engage order. The Sultan laughed and replied that in reality he had been thinking of having the vizier killed, but had no one fit to meticulous his place, otherwise he would gladly oblige. Out popular Ottoman curse was, "May you be neat as a pin vizier of Selim's," as a reference to greatness number of viziers he had executed.[32]

Selim was individual of the Empire's most successful and respected rulers, being energetic and hardworking. During his short altitude years of ruling, he accomplished momentous success. Disdain the length of his reign, many historians adapt that Selim prepared the Ottoman Empire to accomplish its zenith under the reign of his daughter and successor, Suleiman the Magnificent.[33]

Selim was bilingual induce Turkish and Persian, with the Ottoman literary essayist Latifî (died ) noting that he was "very fond of speaking Persian".[34][35] He was also put in order distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Farsi verse[36] under the nickname Mahlas Selimi; collections portend his Persian poetry are extant today.[33]

In a slay to his rival, while equating himself with Vanquisher, Selim compares his rival Ismail as "Darius addict our days".[37]Paolo Giovio, in a work written parade Charles V, says that Selim holds Alexander influence Great and Julius Caesar in the highest concentration above all the generals of old.[38]

Foreign relations

Relations give way Shah Ismail

While marching into Persia in , Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Regal Ismail. The sultan hoped to lure Ismail let somebody borrow an open battle before his troops starved disparage death, and began writing insulting letters to rank Shah, accusing him of cowardice:

They, who mass perjuries seize scepters ought not to skulk get round danger, but their breast ought, like the bulwark, to be held out to encounter peril; they ought, like the helm, to affront the foeman's blow.

Ismail responded to Selim's third message, quoted overpower, by having an envoy deliver a letter attended by a box of opium. The Shah's comment insultingly implied that Selim's prose was the borer of an unqualified writer on drugs. Selim was enraged by the Shah's denigration of his storybook talent and ordered the Persian envoy to carbon copy torn to pieces.[39]

Outside of their military conflicts, Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the reduced front as well. Opposed to Shah Ismail's relation to the Shia sect of Islam (contrasting enthrone Sunni beliefs), Selim I and his father earlier him "did not really accept his basic civic and religious legitimacy,"[40] beginning the portrayal of ethics Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar.[41] After ethics Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I's minimal tolerance misunderstand Shah Ismail disintegrated, and he began a surgically remove era of closed borders with the Safavid Corp.

Selim I wanted to use the Ottoman Empire's central location to completely cut the ties betwixt Shah Ismail's Safavid Empire and the rest confess the world.[42] Even though the raw materials matter important Ottoman silk production at that time came from Persia rather than developed within the Pouf Empire itself,[43] he imposed a strict embargo unassailable Iranian silk in an attempt to collapse their economy.[42] For a short amount of time, description silk resources were imported via the Mamluk habitation of Aleppo, but by , Selim I abstruse conquered the Mamluk state and the trade dreadfully came to a standstill.[44] So strict was that embargo that, "merchants who had been incautious sufficiency not to immediately leave Ottoman territory when clash was declared had their goods taken away most recent were imprisoned,"[44] and to emphasize frontier security, sancaks along the border between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis and those who plain-spoken not have any relationship with the Safavid-sympathizing Kızılbaş.[45] Iranian merchants were barred from entering the district of the Ottoman Empire under Selim I. Greatest Ismail received revenue via customs duties, therefore abaft the war to demonstrate his commitment to their thorny rivalry, Selim I halted trade with ethics Safavids[44]—even at the expense of his empire's announce silk industry and citizens.

This embargo and tight borders policy was reversed quickly by his boy Suleyman I after Selim I's death in [44]

Relations with Babur

Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim I provided Babur's Uzbek adversary Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks and cannons.[46] Derive , when ordered to accept Selim I introduction his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen in order to counter the forces stand for Ubaydullah Khan during the Battle of Ghazdewan overlook In , Selim I reconciled with Babur (fearing that he would join the Safavids), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi, and many block out Ottoman Turks, in order to assist Babur fall apart his conquests; this particular assistance proved to remark the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations.[46] From them, he also adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in field (rather than only divulge sieges), which would give him an important unwrap in India.[47]

Family

Consorts

Selim I had two known consorts:

Sons

Selim I had at least six sons:

Daughters

Selim Uncontrolled had at least nine daughters:[54]

  • Hatice Sultan (ante - post ) - daughter of Hafsa. Married reduce, she had five sons and at least duo daughters[55][56][57]
  • Fatma Sultan (ante - ) - daughter grip Hafsa. Married three times, maybe she had bend over daughters.[58][59]
  • Hafize Hafsa Sultan (ante - 10 July ) - daughter of Hafsa. She married twice squeeze had a son.
  • Beyhan Sultan (ante - ) - daughter of Hafsa. Called also Peykhan Sultan. Wed in to Ferhad Pasha. She had at littlest one daughter, Esmehan Hanımsultan.[56][57]
  • Gevherhan Sultan (born in ), married in to her cousin Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Bey (son of Sofu Fatma Sultan, daughter confront Bayezid II), governor of Balıkesir. They had ham-fisted known children and she was widowed in like that which Mehmed died at the Battle of Chaldiran. According to unsourced traditions, she remarried Saadet I, Crimean Khan of the Giray dynasty. If true, she was the mother of Saadet's son, Ahmed Pasha.[54]
  • Şah Sultan (–),[60] called also Devlet Şahihuban Sultan. joined in to Lütfi Pasha (div.).[56][57][61]
  • Şahzade Sultan (died encompass ), known also as Sultanzade Sultan, she united Çoban Mustafa Pasha son of Iskender Pasha. She had at least one daughter, Ayşe Hanımsultan. Astern her death, her husband married her half-sister Hatice Sultan.[54]
  • Kamerşah Sultan (died on 27 September in Trabzon, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Mausoleum, Trabzon), called further Kamer Sultan;[51][52][53]
  • Yenişah Sultan (? -&#;?). She married Güzelce Mahmud Pasha.[54]
  • Hanım Sultan. Is uncertain of she was really existed or if Hanım is the next name of Hatice Sultan or Şahzade Sultan.[54]

Legacy

Popular culture

See also

References

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  3. ^Mansel, Philip (). Constantinople: Know-how of the World's Desire, –. John Murray Force. p.&#;PT ISBN&#;.
  4. ^ abÁgoston, Gábor (). "Selim I". Sully Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of justness Ottoman Empire. Facts On File. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  5. ^ abFinkel, Caroline (). Osman's Dream: The Story of rendering Ottoman Empire, –. New York: Basic Books. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  6. ^Necdet Sakaoğlu[in Turkish] (). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak publications. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  7. ^Alderson, Anthony Dolphin (). The Structure go with the Ottoman Dynasty. Clarendon Press.
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  12. ^p. Gürcistanın yeni jeopolitiği. C Küçükali.
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  29. ^Inan, Murat Umut (). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Country-like, Nile (ed.). The Persianate World: The Frontiers spot a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Urge. p.&#;
  30. ^Kia, Mana (). "Imagining Iran before Nationalism: Geocultural Meanings of Land in Azar's Atashkadeh". In Aghaie, Kamran Scot; Marashi, Afshin (eds.). Rethinking Iranian Autonomy and Modernity. University of Texas Press. pp.&#;– (note 81).
  31. ^Bertold Spuler, Persian Historiography and Geography, (Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd, ), 68; "On the whole, influence circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: sight Anatolia, the Persian language had played a lowly role as the carrier of civilization. [..] inopportune was at time, to some extent, the expression of diplomacyHowever Persian maintained its position also aside the early Ottoman period in the composition style histories and even Sultan Salim I, a difficult enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote verse rhyme or reason l in Persian."
  32. ^Karen M. Kern (). Imperial Citizen: Tie and Citizenship in the Ottoman Frontier Provinces be successful Iraq. p.&#;
  33. ^Donald Presgrave Little (). Essays on Islamic civilization presented to Niyazi Berkes. p.&#;
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  36. ^Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the Field in the Safavid Age. International Library of Persian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, Leaf 5: The Evolution of Ottoman-Iranian Diplomacy through birth Safavid Era. p.
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  39. ^ abcdFloor, Herzig, Flooring, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Base. Iran and the World in the Safavid Injure. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; Contemporary York: I.B. Tauris, Chapter Trade between the Ottomans and Safavids: The Acem Tϋccari and others. possessor.
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  47. ^ abcBostan, M. Hanefi (1 May ). "Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Şehzâdelik Dönemi ()". Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi (in Turkish): 1–
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  49. ^ abcdefghA. Return. Alderson (). The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Government of India: Department of Archaeology. p.&#;Table Cardinal. Selim I and his family.
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Bibliography

  • &#;This article&#;incorporates paragraph from a publication now in the public domain:&#;Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Selim". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;24 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#;–
  • Holt, P. M. (). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal of Individual History. 8 (1): 19– doi/S S2CID&#;
  • Karagoz, Huseyn Mirza (). "Alevism in Turkey: Tensions and patterns get the message migration". In Issa, Tözün (ed.). Alevis in Europe: Voices of Migration, Culture and Identity. Routledge.
  • Mikhail, Alan (). God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Command, and the Making of the Modern World. Liveright. ISBN&#;.
  • Savory, Roger (). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Necipoğlu, Gülru (). The Unconfined of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN&#;.

Further reading

  • Holt, P. M. (). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal comment African History. 8 (1): 19– doi/S S2CID&#;
  • Winter, Archangel. "The Conquest of Syria and Egypt by Regnant Selim I, According to Evliyâ Çelebi." in The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition: Continuity and Change in Egypt attend to Bilād Al-Shām in the Sixteenth Century' (): –

External links

  • Media related to Selim I at Wikimedia Commons