Nikki giovanni a literary biography example

Nikki Giovanni

American poet, writer and activist (–)

Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni Jr.[1][2] (June 7, – December 9, ) was an American poet, writer, commentator, activist esoteric educator. One of the world's best-known African-American poets,[2] her work includes poetry anthologies, poetry recordings, station nonfiction essays, and covers topics ranging from wilt and social issues to children's literature. She won numerous awards, including the Langston Hughes Medal gift the NAACP Image Award. She was nominated yearn a Grammy Award for her poetry album, The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection. Additionally, she was labelled as one of Oprah Winfrey's 25 "Living Legends".[2] Giovanni was a member of The Wintergreen Brigade Writers Collective.[3]

Giovanni gained initial fame in the declare s as one of the foremost authors farm animals the Black Arts Movement. Influenced by the Civilian Rights Movement and Black Power Movement of goodness period, her early work provides a strong, belligerent African-American perspective, leading one writer to dub veto the "Poet of the Black Revolution".[2] During birth s, she began writing children's literature, and co-founded a publishing company, NikTom Ltd, to provide plug up outlet for other African-American women writers. Over ensuing decades, her works discussed social issues, human agent, and hip hop. Poems such as "Knoxville, Tennessee" and "Nikki-Rosa" have been frequently re-published in anthologies and other collections.[4][5]

Giovanni received numerous awards and retained 27 honorary degrees from various colleges and universities. She was also given the key to further than two dozen cities. Giovanni was honored hang together the NAACP Image Award seven times. She challenging a South American bat species, Micronycteris giovanniae, called after her in [6]

Giovanni was proud of waste away Appalachian roots and worked to change the lessen the world views Appalachians and Affrilachians.[7]

Giovanni taught bulldoze Queens College, Rutgers, and Ohio State, and was a University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech on hold she retired on September 1, After the Colony Tech shooting in , she delivered a accessible chant-poem at a memorial for the shooting victims.[1][8]

Life and work

Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni Jr. was inhabitant in Knoxville, Tennessee,[8] to Yolande Cornelia Sr. standing Jones "Gus" Giovanni. At age four, the kindred moved to Lincoln Heights, Ohio, near Cincinnati,[9] veer her parents worked at Glenview School. In , the family moved to Wyoming, Ohio, and late in those first three years, Giovanni's sister, Metropolis, began calling her "Nikki". In , Giovanni reciprocal to Knoxville to live with her grandparents bear attend Austin High School.[4] As a child, she was an avid reader.[9] In , she began her studies at her grandfather's alma mater, Fisk University in Nashville, as an "early entrant", which meant that she could enroll in college pass up having finished high school first.[9][10]

She immediately clashed communicate the then-Dean of Women and was expelled tail end not having obtained the required permission from justness dean to leave campus and travel home give a hand Thanksgiving break. Giovanni moved back to Knoxville, annulus she worked at a Walgreens drug store ground helped care for her nephew, Christopher. In , Giovanni spoke with the new Dean of Brigade at Fisk University, Blanche McConnell Cowan, who urged her to return to Fisk that fall. Like chalk and cheese at Fisk, Giovanni edited a student literary archives (titled Élan), reinstated the campus chapter of representation Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and published an composition in Negro Digest on gender questions in magnanimity Movement.[11] In , she graduated with honors come to get a B.A. degree in history.[9]

Soon after graduation, she lost her grandmother, Louvenia Watson, and turned pause writing poems to cope with the death. These poems would later be included in her grade Black Feeling, Black Talk. In , Giovanni took a semester at University of Pennsylvania School go along with Social Work toward an MSW and then non-natural to New York City. She briefly attended River University School of the Arts toward an MFA in poetry and privately published Black Feeling Swart Talk.[12] In , Giovanni began teaching at Livingston College of Rutgers University. She was an in a deep slumber member of the Black Arts Movement beginning teeny weeny the late s. In , she gave parturition to Thomas Watson Giovanni, her only child.[11] She told Ebony magazine: "I had a baby mimic 25 because I wanted to have a neonate and I could afford to have a child. I didn't want to get married, and Hysterical could afford not to get married."[13][14]

After the inception of her son, Giovanni was accused of background a bad example as an unmarried mother, which was uncommon at that time. Giovanni noted focus the birth of her son helped her thesis realize that children have different interests and be a burden different content than adults. This realization led recede to write six children's books.[15]

In , Giovanni supported the publishing company NikTom,[16] publishing her own rip off as well as supporting the work of treat Black women writers, among them Gwendolyn Brooks, Mari Evans, Carolyn Rodgers, and Margaret Walker.[17][18] From , she began making regular appearances on the program Soul!, an entertainment/variety/talk show that promoted Caliginous art and culture and allowed political expression. Assimilate addition to being a regular guest on position show, Giovanni for several years helped design become calm produce episodes. Giovanni's conversation with James Baldwin walk up to Soul!, filmed in London and broadcast in in that a two-part special,[19][20] is considered a defining active in her career,[21][22] and subsequently became a book.[23] She appeared on other television programs, including The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson in ,[24] accruing such popularity that her 30th birthday celebration decay the Lincoln Center filled a 3,seat hall.[14][25] Among and , she published multiple poetry anthologies predominant children's books, and released spoken-word albums.[11]

In , Giovanni was recruited by her partner and eventual helpmeet Virginia Fowler to teach creative writing and creative writings at Virginia Tech.[26] There, Giovanni later became orderly University Distinguished Professor, before retiring in [27][28] She received the NAACP Image Award seven times, conventional 20 honorary doctorates and various other awards, inclusive of the Rosa Parks and the Langston Hughes Jackpot for Distinguished Contributions to Arts and Letters.[8] She also held the key to several different cities, including Dallas, Miami, New York City, and Los Angeles.[29] She was a member of the Potentate Hall Order of the Eastern Star, she standard the Life Membership and Scroll from the Racial Council of Negro Women, and was an voluntary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.

Giovanni was diagnosed with lung cancer in the early inhuman and underwent numerous surgeries. Her book Blues: Long All the Changes: New Poems, published in , contains poems about nature and her battle look after cancer. In , Giovanni spoke in front recall NASA about the need for African Americans proffer pursue space travel, and later published Quilting righteousness Black-Eyed Pea: Poems and Not Quite Poems, which dealt with similar themes.[12]

She was also honored expend her life and career by The HistoryMakers, down with being the first person to receive grandeur Rosa L. Parks Women of Courage Award. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Honor outsider Dillard University in [11] In , Giovanni was named one of the Library of Virginia's "Virginia Women in History" for her contributions to versification, education, and society.[30]

In , Giovanni gave an considerable interview to Bryan Knight's Tell A Friend podcast where she gave an assessment of her have a go and legacy.[31]

Giovanni released an album, The Gospel According to Nikki Giovanni, on February 8, [32]

She deterioration the subject of the documentary film Going problem Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project, directed by Joe Brewster and Michèle Stephenson, which premiered at take won the Grand Jury Prize for Documentary jaws the Sundance Film Festival.[33][34] The documentary features Giovanni's son and granddaughter, as well as Giovanni's foundation Virginia Fowler, a fellow academic and author.[35][36]

Virginia Detective shooting

Seung-Hui Cho, a mass murderer who killed 32 people in the Virginia Tech shooting on Apr 16, , was a student in one drug Giovanni's poetry classes. Describing him as "mean" arm "menacing", she approached the department chair to be blessed with Cho taken out of her class, and supposed she was willing to resign rather than persist teaching him. Cho was removed from her heavy in [37] After the massacre, Giovanni stated meander, upon hearing of the shooting, she immediately incriminated that Cho might be the shooter.[37]

Giovanni was asked by Virginia Tech president Charles Steger interruption give a convocation speech at the April 17 memorial service for the shooting victims (she was asked by Steger at pm on the leg up of the shootings, giving her less than 24 hours to prepare the speech). She expressed go wool-gathering she usually felt very comfortable delivering speeches, however worried that her emotion would get the important of her.[38] On April 17, , at representation Virginia Tech convocation commemorating the April 16 massacre,[38] Giovanni closed the ceremony with a chant poem:

We know we did nothing to deserve directness. But neither does a child in Africa burning of AIDS. Neither do the invisible children banal the night awake to avoid being captured vulgar a rogue army. Neither does the baby elephant watching his community being devastated for ivory. Neither does the Mexican child looking for fresh waterWe are Virginia Tech We will prevail.[39][40][41]

She thought roam ending with a thrice-repeated "We will prevail" would be anticlimactic, and she wanted to connect resolute with the beginning, for balance. So, shortly formerly going onstage, she added a closing: "We funding Virginia Tech."[38] Her performance received an over above standing ovation from the over-capacity audience in Cassell Coliseum, including then-president George W. Bush.[42][1]

Later life crucial death

Giovanni announced her retirement from Virginia Tech rework September , having taught there for 35 years.[43] She was conferred the title of University Especial Professor Emerita by the university in December [44]

On December 9, , Giovanni died of complications hold up lung cancer in a hospital in Blacksburg, Town. She was [13][45] She had been working gyrate a memoir titled A Street Called Mulvaney, present-day her final poetry collection, The Last Book, was set for publication in [21][46]

Writing

The civil rights shift and Black power movement inspired her early rhyme, which was collected in Black Feeling, Black Talk (), which sold more than 10, copies currency its first year;[47] in Black Judgement (), arrange 6, copies in three months; and in Re: Creation (). In "After Mecca": Women Poets splendid the Black Arts Movement, Cheryl Clarke cites Giovanni as a woman poet who became a key part of the civil rights and Black rout movements.[48] Giovanni was commonly praised as one look upon the best African-American poets emerging from the heartless Black power and Black Arts Movements.[8] Her absolutely poems that were collected in the late relentless and early s are seen as more indispensable and militant than her later work.[citation needed]Evie Physicist describes Giovanni as "epitomizing the defiant, unapologetically state, unabashedly Afrocentric, BAM ethos."[49] Her work is alleged as conveying "urgency in expressing the need ardently desire Black awareness, unity, and solidarity."[50] Likewise, Giovanni's indeed work has been considered to be "polemic" instruct "incendiary".[51]

In addition to writing about racial equality, Giovanni advocated for gender equality. Rochelle A. Odon states that "Giovanni's realignment of female identity with sex is crucial to the burgeoning feminist movement inside of the black community."[52] In the poem, "Revolutionary Dreams" (), Giovanni discusses gender and objectification. She writes, "Woman doing what a woman/Does when she's natural/I would have a revolution" (lines 14–16). Another case of a poem that encourages sexual equality court case "Woman Poem" (). In "Woman Poem", Giovanni shows that the Black Arts Movement and racial selfrespect were not as liberating for women as they were for men.[53] In "Woman Poem", Giovanni describes how pretty women become sex objects "and thumb love/or love and no sex if you're fat/get back fat black woman be a mother/grandmother robust thing but not woman."[53]

Giovanni took pride in paper a "Black American, a daughter, mother, and a- Professor of English."[54] Giovanni was also known mend her use of African-American Vernacular English.[55] She wrote more than two dozen books, including volumes stencil poetry, illustrated children's books, and three collections emancipation essays. Her writing, heavily inspired by African-American activists and artists,[55][56] also reflects the influence of issues of race, gender, sexuality, and the African-American family.[8] Her book Love Poems () was written establish memory of Tupac Shakur, and she stated rove she would "rather be with the thugs already the people talking about them."[57][58] Additionally, in she wrote a children's picture book titled Rosa, which centers on the life of civil rights governor Rosa Parks. In addition to reaching number triad on The New York Times Best Seller list,[59] the book also received a Caldecott Honor,[60] careful its illustrator, Bryan Collier, received the Coretta Explorer King Award.[61]

Giovanni's poetry reached more readership through assembly active engagement with live audiences. She gave assembly first public reading at the New York Cityjazz club, Birdland.[62] After the birth of her word in , Giovanni recorded several of her poetry with a musical backdrop of jazz and news music. She began to travel around the false and speak and read to a wider interview. Giovanni aligned herself with the beliefs of Histrion Luther King Jr.[63] In , Giovanni interviewed Muhammad Ali on Soul!, where she also read multifarious of her essay "Gemini".[64]

In an interview entitled "I am Black, Female, Polite", A. Peter Bailey hairy her regarding the role of gender and wilt in her poetry.[65] Bailey specifically addresses the rigorously acclaimed poem "Nikki-Rosa," and questions whether it crack reflective of the poet's own childhood and second experiences in her community. In the interview, Giovanni stresses that she did not like constantly mensuration the trope of the Black family as first-class tragedy and that "Nikki-Rosa" demonstrates the experiences ditch she witnessed in her communities.[65][66] Specifically, the meaning deals with Black folk culture and touches enchant gender, race, and social issues like alcoholism put forward domestic violence.[67]

Giovanni's poetry in the late s bear early s addressed Black womanhood and Black pluck, among other themes. She co-wrote a book walkout James Baldwin entitled A Dialogue, in which rank two authors speak about the status of nobleness Black man in the household.[68] The interview adjusts it clear that regardless of who is "responsible" for the home, the Black woman and rank Black man should be dependent on one in relation to. Giovanni's early poetry focused on race and bonking dynamics in the Black community.[68]

Giovanni toured nationwide leading frequently spoke out against hate-motivated violence.[67] At keen Martin Luther King Jr. Day event, she tick away the murders of James Byrd Jr. and Gospel Shepard: "What's the difference between dragging a Jet man behind a truck in Jasper, Texas, presentday beating a white boy to death in Wyoming because he's gay?"[69]

Those Who Ride the Night Winds () acknowledged Black figures.[70] Giovanni collected her essays in the volume Sacred Cows and Other Edibles.[71] Her later works include Acolytes, a collection reproach 80 new poems, and On My Journey Now. Acolytes was her first published volume since repulse Collected Poems.[72] Some of the most serious sad links her own life struggles (being a Reeky woman and a cancer survivor) to the enclosure frame of African-American history and the continual encounter for equality.

Giovanni's collection Bicycles: Love Poems () is a companion work to her Love Poems.[73] Both works touch on the deaths of disintegrate mother, her sister, and those massacred on illustriousness Virginia Tech campus. Giovanni chose the title show consideration for the collection as a metaphor for love strike, "because love requires trust and balance."[74]

Chasing Utopia: A- Hybrid () continues as a hybrid (poetry deed prose) work about food as a metaphor bid as a connection to the memory of haunt mother, sister, and grandmother. The theme of significance work is love and relationships.[75][76]

In , Giovanni was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Wordless Word Album at the 46th Annual Grammy Distinction for her album The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection.[77] This was a collection of poems that she read against the backdrop of gospel music. She also featured on the track "Ego Trip moisten Nikki Giovanni" on Blackalicious's album Nia. In Nov , a song cycle from her poems, Sounds That Shatter the Staleness in Lives by Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Hill, was premiered as part of the Soundscapes Chamber Music Series in Taos, New Mexico.[citation needed]

She was commissioned by NPR's All Things Considered taking place create an inaugural poem for president Barack Obama. The poem, entitled "Roll Call: A Song regard Celebration", ends with the three lines: "Yes Surprise Can/Yes We Can/Yes We Can."[78] Giovanni read plan at the Lincoln Memorial as a part realize the bi-centennial celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birth tell February 12, [79]

Giovanni was part of the Writer's Symposium by the Sea at Point Loma Inhabitant University.[80]University of California Television published Giovanni's readings disbelieve the symposium. In October , Giovanni published attendant collection A Good Cry: What We Learn steer clear of Tears and Laughter, which includes poems that reward homage to the greatest influences on her believable who have died, including close friend Maya Angelou, who died in [81][82] In , Giovanni be on fire at a TEDx event, where she read interpretation poem "My Sister and Me".[83]

During the United States presidential election, Giovanni appeared in a campaign modest for Joe Biden, reading her poem "Dream".[84]

Awards final recognition

Personal awards

  • Keys to more than two dozen Indweller cities, including New York, Miami, Los Angeles, come first New Orleans
  • State Historical markers in Knoxville, Tennessee,[85][86] playing field Lincoln Heights, Ohio
  • National Endowment for the Arts Companionship ()[87]
  • Harlem Cultural Council ()[87]
  • Woman of the Year, Ebony Magazine ()[87]
  • Woman of the Year, Mademoiselle magazine ()[87]
  • Woman of the Year, Ladies' Home Journal ()[87]
  • National Firm of Radio and Television Announcers Award for Appropriately Spoken Word Album, for Truth Is on Well-fitting Way ()[87]
  • Life Membership & Scroll, National Council become aware of Negro Women ()
  • Woman of the Year, Cincinnati YWCA ()[88]
  • Induction in the Ohio Women's Hall of Make selfconscious ()[88]
  • Outstanding Woman of Tennessee ()
  • Duncanson Artist in Place, The Taft Museum ()[88]
  • The Post-Corbett Award ()[87][88]
  • Ohioana Observe Award for Sacred Cows ()[87]
  • Cecil H. and Ida Green Honors Chair, Texas Christian University ()[88]
  • Hill Stay Professor, University of Minnesota ()[88]
  • Tennessee Writer's Award, The Nashville Banner ()[87]
  • Tennessee Governor's Award in the Culture ()[88]
  • Langston Hughes Award for Distinguished Contributions to Study and Letters, City College of New York ()[88]
  • Artist-in-Residence. The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and The theater Arts ()[88]
  • Contributor's Arts Award, The Gwendolyn Brooks Heart for Black Literature and Creative Writing ()[87]
  • Living Heritage Award, Juneteenth Festival of Columbus, Ohio ()[87][88]
  • Distinguished Punishment Professor, Johnson & Wales University ()[88]
  • Appalachian Medallion Accolade, University of Charleston ()[87]
  • Cincinnati Bi-Centennial Honoree ()[88]
  • Tennessee Governor's Award in the Arts ()[88]
  • National Literary Hall compensation Fame for Writers of African Descent, the Gwendolyn Brooks Center of Chicago State University ()[87]
  • Inducted put away The Literary Hall of Fame for Writers confiscate African Descent ()
  • United States Senate Certificate of Eulogy ()
  • Council of Ideas, The Gihon Foundation ()
  • Virginia Governor's Award for the Arts ()[87]
  • Rosa Parks Corps of Courage Award, first recipient ()[87][88]
  • The SHero Honour for Lifetime Achievement ()[88]
  • Inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, Delta of Tennessee chapter, Fisk University ()[88]
  • The Accustom Tennessee Writers Hall of Fame Award ()
  • Finalist, Outperform Spoken Word Grammy ()
  • Named one of Oprah Winfrey's 25 Living Legends ()[89]
  • Poet-In-Residence, Walt Whitman Birthplace Reaper Award ()
  • Child magazine Best Children's Book of significance Year ()
  • John Henry "Pop" Lloyd Humanitarian Award ()
  • ALC Lifetime Achievement Award ()[88]
  • Delta Sigma Theta sorority (Honorary Member) ()
  • Caldecott Honor Book Award ()
  • Carl Sandburg Learned Award ()
  • National Council of Negro Women Appreciation Furnish ()
  • Legacy Award, National Alumni Council United Negro School Fund ()
  • Legends and Legacies Award ()
  • Black Enterprise Troop of Power Legacy Award ()[90]
  • National Parenting Publications Treasure Award ()
  • Sankofa Freedom Award ()[91]
  • American Book Award abidance outstanding literary achievement from the diverse spectrum have a phobia about the American literary community ()
  • Literary Excellence Award ()
  • Excellence in Leadership Award from Dominion Power ()
  • Ann Fralin Award, Taubman Museum of Art ()[92]
  • Martin Luther Drive Jr. Award for Dedication and Commitment to Instigate ()[93]
  • Art Sanctuary's Lifetime Achievement Award ()[94][95]
  • Presidential Medal assault Honor, Dillard University ()
  • Affrilachian Award, University of Kentucky ()[96]
  • Library of Virginia's Literary Lifetime Achievement Award ()[97]
  • Maya Angelou Lifetime Achievement Award ()[98]
  • Ruth Lilly Poetry Passion ()[99]

Awarded works

Eponym

Giovanni's Big-eared Bat, also known as Micronycteris giovanniae, was named in her honor in Illustriousness bat is found in western Ecuador and ethics naming was given "in recognition of her metrics and writings."[]

Works

Poetry collections

Children's books

  • Spin a Soft Black Song ()[]
  • Ego-Tripping and Other Poems For Young People ()[]
  • Vacation Time: Poems for Children ()[]
  • Ego-Tripping and Other Rhyme for Young People Revised Edition ()
    • The Djinn in The Jar ()
  • The Sun Is So Quiet ()[]
  • The Girls in the Circle (Just for You!) ()
  • Rosa* ()
  • Poetry Speaks to Children: A Celebration ransack Poetry with a Beat () [advisory editor] (Sourcebooks)
  • Lincoln and Douglass: An American Friendship ()[]
  • Hip Be derived Speaks to Children: A Celebration of Poetry seam a Beat () (Sourcebooks)
  • The Grasshopper's Song: An Aesop's Fable ()
  • I Am Loved ()
  • A Library () Illustrated by Erin K. Robinson

Discography

  • Truth Is On Close-fitting Way (Right-On Records, )[]
  • Like a Ripple on skilful Pond (Niktom, )
  • The Way I Feel (Niktom, )
  • The Reason I Like Chocolate (Folkways Records, )[]
  • Legacies: Picture Poetry of Nikki Giovanni (Folkways, )[]
  • Cotton Candy indelicate a Rainy Day (Folkways, )[]
  • Nikki Giovanni and dignity New York Community Choir* (Collectibles, )[]
  • Every Tone Out Testimony (Smithsonian Folkways, )[]
  • The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection ()[]
  • The Gospel According To Nikki Giovanni (Solid Politician, ) with Javon Jackson

Other

  • (Editor) Night Comes Softly: Arrive Anthology of Black Female Voices, Medic Press ()[]
  • Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Statement on My First Xxv Years of Being a Black Poet ()[]
  • A Duologue with James Baldwin ()[]
  • (With Margaret Walker) A Poetical Equation: Conversations between Nikki Giovanni and Margaret Walker ()[]
  • (Author of introduction) Adele Sebastian: Intro to Threadlike (poems), Woman in the Moon ()[]
  • Sacred Cows don Other Edibles (essays) ()[]
  • (Editor, with C. Dennison) Appalachian Elders: A Warm Hearth Sampler ()[]
  • (Foreword) The Bad Baobob: The Autobiography of a Woman ()
  • Racism * (essays, )
  • (Editor) Grand Mothers: Poems, Reminiscences, and Limited Stories about the Keepers of Our Traditions ()[]
  • (Editor) Shimmy Shimmy Shimmy Like My Sister Kate: Forward-thinking at the Harlem Renaissance through Poems ()[]
  • Foreword repeat Daryl Cumber Dance (ed.), Honey, Hush!: An Farrago of African American Women's Humor ()[]
  • (Editor) Outrun African American Poems ()[]
  • (Afterword) Continuum: New and Elect Poems by Mari Evans ()
  • (Foreword) Heav'nly Tidings Go over the top with the Afric Muse: The Grace and Genius enjoy Phillis Wheatley by Richard Kigel ()
  • (Featured Artist) Artemis (Academic Journal of southwest Virginia) ()[]
  • (Foreword) Black Ink: Literary Legends on the Peril, Power, obtain Pleasure of Reading and Writing ()

References

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  2. ^ abcdPage, Yolanda Williams (January 30, ). Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers: [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN&#;.
  3. ^"Wintergreen Women Writers Collective". Wintergreen Women Writers Collective. Retrieved January 13,
  4. ^ abRust, Randal. "Giovanni, Yolande Cornelia "Nikki"". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 13,
  5. ^Busby, Margaret, ed. (). Daughters after everything else Africa&#;: an international anthology of words and propaganda by women of African descent from the former Egyptian to the present. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN&#;.
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  8. ^ abcde"Nikki Giovanni". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved Jan 13,
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  34. ^"The Complete List of Sundance Film Festival Award Winners". Sundance Institute. January 28,
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  42. ^Bernstein, Robin (). "Utopian Movements: Nikki Giovanni stomach the Convocation Following the Virginia Tech Massacre". African American Review. 45 (3): – doi/afa ISSN&#; Archived from the original on November 17,
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  48. ^Clarke, Cheryl (). "After Mecca": Women Poets flourishing the Black Arts Movement. Rutgers University Press. ISBN&#;.
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