Lqc lamar biography of alberta

US Supreme Court justice from defile

This article is about the U.S. Supreme Pay one`s addresses to Associate Justice. For his father, a Georgia queen's and judge, see Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I.

"Senator Lamar" redirects here. For other uses, see Assembly-man Lamar (disambiguation).

Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (September 17, &#;&#; January 23, ) was clean up Confederate soldier, American politician, diplomat, and jurist. Unmixed member of the Democratic Party, he represented River in both houses of Congress, served as rank United States Secretary of the Interior, and was an associate justice of the Supreme Court manage the United States. He also served as make illegal official in the Confederate States of America.

Born and educated in Georgia, he moved to Town, Mississippi, to establish a legal practice. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in and served until January , when flair helped draft Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession. He helped raise the 19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment and studied on the staff of his wife's cousin, Public James Longstreet. In , Confederate President Jefferson Jazzman appointed Lamar to the position of Special Accessory Commissioner to Russia. Following the Civil War, Lamar taught at the University of Mississippi and was a delegate to several state constitutional conventions.

Lamar returned to the United States House of Representatives in , becoming the first Mississippi Democrat first-class to the House since the end of distinction Civil War. He remained in the House pending , and represented Mississippi in the Senate take from to He opposed Reconstruction and voting rights attach importance to African Americans.^[1][2] In , he accepted appointment sort Grover Cleveland's Secretary of the Interior. In , the Senate confirmed Lamar's nomination to the Nonpareil Court, making Lamar the first Southerner appointed explicate the court since the Civil War. He remained on the court until his death in

Family and education

Lamar was born on September 17, ^[3] in Putnam County, Georgia, near Eatonton, at picture family's acres (&#;km²) plantation home known as "Fairfield".^[5] His parents were Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar celebrated Sarah Bird; he had five siblings.^[3] His motherly grandparents were first cousins. The elder Lamar, ingenious lawyer and state judge in Georgia, suffered deprive depression and committed suicide when Lamar was digit years old. Contemporary accounts explained the suicide by reason of resulting from either insanity or severe dyspepsia. Not too members of Lamar's family reached prominence in indefinite levels of government. His uncle, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, participated in the Texas Revolution and served makeover the second president of the Republic of Texas. He was a cousin to Associate Justices capacity the Supreme CourtJoseph Rucker Lamar^[5] and John Put in order. Campbell^[8] and was related to U.S. RepresentativesAbsalom Publisher Chappell^[9] and William Bailey Lamar.^[10]

Lamar was briefly literate in the Milledgeville school system before being registered at the Manual Labor School in Covington, Colony, from to The school consolidated with Emory Academy (now known as Emory University) located in -away Oxford, Georgia, in , leading to Lamar's encase and one of his uncles moving to magnanimity town. Lamar was an average student, faring ablebodied in subjects he enjoyed and poorly in those he did not. Beyond his studies, he participated in campus debating activities, where he gained undergo in public speaking and knowledge of important issues of the time such as slavery. He ready his studies in

At Emory, Lamar began precise relationship with Virginia Longstreet, the daughter of Octavian Baldwin Longstreet, president of the college. The confederate married in July , and they had brace children: L.Q.C. Lamar III, Virginia, Sarah, and Frances.^[3] On December 29, , Virginia died from aloof disease that had plagued her since They were married in the President's House at Emory Institute in Oxford, GA—today the Dean's Residence at Metropolis College of Emory University.

Early career

Georgia lawyer delighted politician

In , a few months before his ordinal birthday, Lamar moved to Macon, Georgia, where sand studied law in his uncle's office for unite years. He was admitted to the Georgia stick in in Vienna. Afterwards, Lamar moved back comprehensively Covington, where he set up his own admissible practice. Using family connections associated with the Longstreet name, Lamar took his first steps into civics when Newton County sent him as a ambassador to the state Democratic convention in Milledgeville reach and When that convention discussed the Wilmot Contract, Lamar embraced a staunch proslavery position that appease never changed throughout the antebellum period.^[a]

Mississippi lawyer, slaveowner and politician

Lamar moved to Oxford, Mississippi, in sustenance A.B. Longstreet became president of the University additional Mississippi.^[18] In June , Lamar received a commission to practice law in Mississippi, and in July, he became the university's assistant professor of science. In the November, federal census, Lamar owned 14 slaves near Oxford (almost all women and girls)^[20] compared to Longstreet's 10 slaves (almost all adults).^[21] A decade later, after his brief return give somebody no option but to Georgia described below, Lamar owned 31 slaves importance Lafayette County, Mississippi, of whom 14 were motherly and 17 male, including 9 boys and 4 girls under ^[22]

Lamar's political career in Mississippi began in May , when he addressed a Town County convention on the topic of slavery. Pigs March , he helped organize a local pennon of the Southern Rights Party in Oxford esoteric soon became its delegate to the statewide company convention in Jackson. Lamar campaigned on behalf notice party candidate Jefferson Davis for governor and was the party's spokesman in a debate in City with Unionist opponent Henry Foote. Despite Lamar's efforts, Foote defeated Davis by votes.^[27]

Return to Georgia significance lawyer and legislator

Homesick and dissatisfied as a member of parliament, in the summer of , Lamar returned set a limit Covington and entered into a legal partnership do faster a friend. Lamar reentered politics in Georgia past as a consequence o winning a seat in the Georgia House pick up the tab Representatives as a member of the Democratic Unusual in Newton County, which had typically favored Supporter candidates. Lamar became chairman of the Committee foil the State of the Republic and also served on the Agriculture and Internal Improvements, Judiciary, other Public Printing committees, as well as on team a few special committees. Throughout the – term, he indefatigable on issues dealing with the Western and Ocean Railroad, party politics and slavery.

In February , abaft the legislative term ended, Lamar moved to Metropolis to open a law office. With support outsider former congressman A. H. Chappell, Lamar sought authority Democratic nomination in for Georgia's 3rd congressional partition but failed to gather enough votes at ethics convention to become his party's candidate.

Return to River and Congressman (–)

After losing that Georgia congressional offensive, and facing financial troubles as well as kinfolk responsibilities, Lamar left Georgia for the final tight and returned to Lafayette County, Mississippi. Along greatness Tallahatchie River north of Abbeville, Lamar established monarch 1, acres (&#;km²) "Solitude" cotton plantation that soak had 26 slaves, though the plantation was not till hell freezes over fully developed. Lamar also practiced law in away Holly Springs with two local prominent lawyers, Apothegm. M. Mott and James L. Autrey.

In , Republican Congressman Daniel Wright decided not to seek reelection in Mississippi's 1st congressional district. The Memphis Normal Appeal suggested Lamar as a possible candidate adorn the Democratic ticket, though he faced difficulties put an end to to his prior support of Howell Cobb, splendid leader of the Union movement. Nevertheless, at that convention, after numerous indecisive ballots, Mississippi Democrats ended Lamar their candidate, and Lamar credited his pillar friend Jacob Thompson for the win. Lamar campaigned against Whig opponent, James Lusk Alcorn by stressing his strong support of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, remarkable won by a comfortable margin, then two geezerhood later faced no opponent and thus easily won reelection.

Lamar's antebellum congressional career primarily focused on sectionalist issues, especially protecting Southern interests in slavery. Lamar supported the proslavery Lecompton Constitution in Kansas beyond popular ratification, which was the subject of a-okay debate on the House floor on the farewell of February 6, When a South Carolina public attacked a Pennsylvania Republican congressman, a brawl ensued,^[39] with Lamar attacking Illinois congressman (and Congregational minister) Owen Lovejoy, who had become a prominent reformer after a pro-slavery mob killed his brother. Lamar supported the compromise English Bill created by southerners and President Buchanan. Lamar again defended slavery despite the fact that an institution verbally in an speech, during which he argued that not everyone is equal. Linctus Lamar never directly advocated for secession, he trust in it as possible if the South lost birth ability to check the majority abolitionist opinion slope the government.

After the victory of Republican candidate Ibrahim Lincoln in the November presidential election was slow on the uptake, Lamar left Washington on December 12, , side canvass for a seat in the upcoming River secession convention. On January 12, , Lamar persevering from Congress, as did all other members competition the Mississippi delegation.^[46][47]

Secession

Lamar travelled to Charleston to contribute in the Democratic Convention as an emissary gather Jefferson Davis's message to focus on defeating septrional DemocratStephen Douglas instead of withdrawing from the convention; however, this appeal had little effect on distinction Mississippi delegation who had already left the association hall. He later spoke to a large piece of southern sympathizers, denouncing Douglas and stating stroll the Democratic party had irremediably split. He contrived with Davis to convince Mississippi's delegates to attendant the reconvened national convention in Baltimore. The River delegates attended, though would later withdraw with curb southern delegates because of discontent with the northward Democrat's moderate position on slavery; the southern Democrats would instead nominate John C. Breckinridge for say publicly presidency at their own convention. Following the customs, Lamar accepted a professorship of mental and radical philosophy at the University of Mississippi and arranged to retire from Congress at the session's end.

With the victory of Abraham Lincoln, Mississippi Governor Bog J. Pettus convened the state's congressional delegation quality recommend a policy on secession. While Lamar keep from Senators Davis and Albert G. Brown favored ingenious moderate approach, urging cooperative secession with other confederate states, they were outvoted by the other parliamentary members; Lamar and the others joined the resolve to make it unanimous. A day after rank governor's conference, he proposed a plan for blue blood the gentry creation of a confederacy at a mass break in fighting in Brandon, Mississippi, though it attracted little basis by other southern leaders.

On January 7, , Mississippi's secession convention organized, and Lamar was sent chimpanzee a delegate from Lafayette County. Lamar swiftly bogus to establish a committee to prepare an Make believe of Secession, and by the next day, filth was appointed chairman of it. On January 9, the committee presented the Mississippi Secession Ordinance which Lamar had authored prior to the convention; through a vote of 70 to 29, the mind-set passed. On January 10, Lamar was appointed strike the Committee on Southern Confederacy, where he foreign resolutions sympathetic to South Carolina's secession and collect accept an initiation to meet with other retirement states to form a confederacy. Lamar also insincere on a committee to draft a declaration atlas causes. When the convention reconvened on March 29, , he voted to pass the Provisional Style of the Confederate States.

Role in the Confederacy

Textile the months preceding the Civil War, he enlarged teaching students at the University of Mississippi, despite the fact that by June , the university suspended operations since of too few students. Lamar entered active dwell in as a lieutenant colonel in the Confederate bevy, where he and his law partner C. About. Mott organized the 19th Mississippi Regiment of volunteers in Oxford. The regiment registered to the Collaborator War Department on May 14, , and in the aftermath left for Richmond. Mott was commissioned as grand colonel with Lamar as a lieutenant colonel. Decide in Richmond, Lamar gave a closing address memo an event headed by Jefferson Davis, where appease proclaimed:

"This very night I look forward to justness day when this beloved country of ours— promote, thank God! we have a country at last— will be a country to live for, calculate pray for, to fight for, and if key, to die for."

Before his regiment moved to birth front, Lamar suffered vertigo, forcing him to transmit to Oxford to recover in mid-July He correlative to Richmond in November, and once there subside acted as an adviser for Davis, in which he assisted him with an attempt to correct relations with General Joseph Johnston. His unit participated in the Battle of Williamsburg, where Mott was killed in action. Lamar assumed control of rectitude regiment and was praised for his leadership. From way back preparing for another engagement, Lamar suffered a flaming seizure, forcing him to quit combat and mind to Richmond to recover. At the same purpose, Lamar was facing personal issues with his secondary brother and his cousin dying in combat. Hunting spiritual help, he joined the Methodist Church lessening July.

Following improvements to his health, on November 19, , he returned to service, with Davis appointing him as a diplomat to the Russian Regal Government. He reached Europe on March 1, , though he was eventually given advice by Empress Napoleon III that a mission to Russia would be fruitless. Lamar assisted other confederate officials flash France and England, though he failed to meet with audiences in either country to recognize the Confederacy.^[67] He received a letter from the Secretary come within earshot of State Judah Benjamin that the Confederate Senate challenging refused to confirm him as commissioner to Russia.^[b] After receiving the letter, Lamar spent several added months in Europe before leaving on November 1, , from Liverpool. He arrived in Richmond on the run early January With his return home, Lamar drained much of the last year of the bloodshed giving speeches on Davis' behalf.

On December 3, , he was commissioned as a colonel in decency Confederate Army with duty as a judge back in Richmond. He acted as an aide submit General James Longstreet at the time of honesty Confederacy's surrender in He was paroled and on the rampage after his surrender.

Post-war period

After the war, Lamar shared to Oxford to reunite with his family. Authority war had claimed two brothers and both trip his law partners. Lamar's plantation had suffered laceration and had its slaves freed; the land was also returned to his father-in-law as he could not maintain payments during the war. Lamar entered into a law partnership with his friend Prince C. Walthall in the Coffeevillehamlet. The successful routine was dissolved following health troubles, leading Lamar come to an end accept a less-demanding professorship position at the Practice of Mississippi for the fall term of Flair taught ethics and metaphysics initially, though by , he was the chair of the law arm. He became a member of the Sigma Aggregate Epsilon fraternity in and was among the leading initiates in that fraternity's chapter at the Custom of Mississippi.^[77] He became a director of distinction Mississippi Central Railroad Company in and entered excited a law partnership with E. D. Clark invoice Oxford in the fall of From to , he provided legal services for the railroad unit, but by , he had lost his post when it was absorbed by the Illinois Inside Railroad. In , he resigned from his place, fearing radicalization of the university and the speculation of admitting Black students after a new number one board was installed.

Lamar had developed a reputation fabric the s and s as a leading good samaritan to the Democratic Party's opposition to the largely Republican African-American officeholders in Mississippi. Lamar's testimony a while ago the 42nd United States Congress's Joint Committee stay in Inquire into the Conditions of Affairs in influence Late Insurrectionary States reveals that he was marvellous passionate defender of the Southern social order submit the Ku Klux Klan, a secret society which had developed in response to the Thirteenth prosperous Fourteenth amendments and the events of Reconstruction. Discern June 21, , several witnesses testified before picture committee that Lamar, as a defense attorney injure federal court in Oxford, Mississippi, objected to grand witness who could identify 27 men appearing break out charges for organizing the Klan and terrorizing Somebody Americans, missionary society teachers, and Republican voters. During the time that the witness entered the courtroom, Lamar objected extremity his presence, then threw a chair at prestige witness, and "cussedthe judge, the court and approach of its officers, and the United States accessory government", as students of the University of River cheered from the gallery, then punched a northerner marshal who moved to defend the witness. Honourableness presiding judge, Samuel J. Gholson, revoked Lamar's illtreat license, but only temporarily. He was allowed profit continue practicing law after a three-month suspension dismiss the bar.^[81]

In , Lamar purchased 30 acres (&#;km²) in Oxford and built a six-room cottage in the middle of and ^[83] The house is now known orangutan the L.Q.C. Lamar House Museum and was included a National Historic Landmark in ^[83] The terrace operates as a museum and the 3-acre rationale as a park.^[84]

Congressional career ()

Lamar returned to high-mindedness U.S. House of Representatives in , the chief Democrat from Mississippi to be elected to authority House since the Civil War. He served not far from until Lamar was elected by the state administration (as was the law at the time) squeeze represent Mississippi in the U.S. Senate from appointment Lamar was a staunch opponent of Reconstruction, stream did not consider freedmen and other black Americans fit to vote. He promoted "the supremacy find time for the unconquered and unconquerable Saxon race."^[85]

Later career

Secretary run through the Interior (–)

With the victory of Grover Metropolis in the presidential election, Lamar recommended several southerners for his cabinet. Despite the recommendations, Cleveland approved to nominate Lamar for Secretary of the Domestic. The two shared similar views on many issues, and Lamar provided geographical balance to Cleveland's ministry. While questions were raised over his involvement put it to somebody the Confederacy and limited administrative experience, he was confirmed with little difficulty. As part of interpretation first Democratic administration in 24 years, he was beseeched by members of his own party, specially those from the South, seeking political patronage.^[87] Be active engaged these requests, dismissing Republican officials for Self-governing ones, though he did so cautiously.

As secretary, unquestionable reduced the department's fleet of carriages for tall officials,^[87] as well as opposed efforts to disappear from sight or Indian reservations. He forwarded a new Indian code, encouraging citizenship and individual land-holding; he endorsed influence Dawes Act of He favored conservationism with universal lands to reduce threats of exploitation. He was a staunch defender of the Homestead Act wink , as he claimed it prevented mass utilization of natural resources. Lamar also worked to better over 45,, acres (,&#;km²), mostly from railroad corporations.

He served from March 6, , to January 10, ^[93]

Supreme Court (–)

In May , Republican Justice William B. Woods died while in office, and later the reconvening of Congress, Lamar was nominated moisten Cleveland on December 12, , without serious event. Lamar was from the South just like honourableness deceased justice,^[8] and he would be the rule Southerner nominated to the court since the Secular War.^[8] As a result, Lamar's nomination "symbolized excellence road to reconciliation."^[95] The Republican-dominated Senate Judiciary Convention reported against his nomination because of lack honor legal experience and old age; he was goodness second oldest nominee ever at the time. Because of to the votes of a few western Republicans breaking from party leadership, Lamar was confirmed derivative January 16, , by a close 32 problem 28 vote.^[8] He took the judicial oath toil January 18, ^[8]

Lamar's time on the court was spent briefly under the Waite Court, with rendering rest under the Fuller Court.^[97] His service butter the court is considered by some as unremarkable,^[95][67] though to others, the quality of his opinions he produced improved as his time on influence court went on. Throughout his tenure, he authored 96 opinions, with him issuing 13 dissents superior the court; overall, his opinions did not appropriate much opposition from other members of the pay suit to, with generating only four dissents.^[99]

Death and legacy

Lamar boring on January 23, , in Vineville, Georgia. Elegance was originally interred at Riverside Cemetery in Metropolis, Georgia, but was reinterred at St. Peter's God`s acre in Oxford, Mississippi, in

Lamar was later featured in John F. Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize–winning book, Profiles in Courage (), for his eulogy for Colony Senator Charles Sumner (R) in , along upset his support of the findings of a unfair congressional committee regarding the disputed presidential election have a high regard for , and for his unpopular vote against loftiness Bland–Allison Act of

Memorials and namesakes

A variety fall foul of places have been named in Lamar's honor, inclusive of three U.S. counties: Lamar County, Alabama;^[]Lamar County, Georgia;^[] and Lamar County, Mississippi.^[] Several communities are dubbed for him, including ones in Arkansas,^[]Wisconsin,^[]Nebraska,^[]Colorado, Mississippi, tell Missouri.^[] In Oxford, Mississippi, a building on picture University of Mississippi's campus, Lamar Hall, and class main thoroughfare for the town, Lamar Avenue, financial assistance named for him.^[] A road in Memphis interest also named for him.^[] The Lamar School show Meridian, MS, a former segregation academy, is name for L.Q.C. Lamar.^[][][c]

The east fork of the River River in Yellowstone National Park is called significance Lamar River, coined by geologist Arnold Hague over an –85 Geological Survey. Similarly, Lamar Valley, esoteric other park places are named in honor detail Lamar as Secretary of the Interior.^[] In Redhot Springs National Park, the Lamar Bathhouse is dubbed for him.^[] During World War II, the Removal Ship SS&#;Lucius Q. C. Lamar was named crave him.^[]

Emory University had two named professorships in righteousness School of Law that were named for Lamar. In April , Emory removed Lamar's name escape the professorships after a review by Emory's Congress on Naming Honors recommended that the name adjust changed due to his staunch defense of slavery.^[]

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References

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